Description

This retrospective cohort study will be conducted at the Tropical Medicine Department of Mansoura University Hospitals, recruiting patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who will receive systemic therapy between June 2022 and November 2024. Eligible participants will include those with Child-Pugh class A liver function, ECOG performance status 0-1, and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C, or stage B with diffuse, infiltrative, or extensive bilobar involvement, or progression after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Additional laboratory and clinical criteria will be required, such as adequate blood counts, liver and renal function, and absence of large or risky esophageal varices. Patients with Child-Pugh class B or C, early or terminal stage disease, or contraindications to systemic therapy such as active infections, autoimmune conditions, or severe comorbidities will be excluded.

Operationally, all patients will undergo comprehensive history taking, physical examination, radiological imaging (ultrasound, triphasic CT, or MRI), and laboratory testing, including liver function, renal function, virology markers, and tumor biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Follow-up assessments will be performed every three months using physical exams, imaging, and laboratory tests to monitor disease progression and treatment outcomes. Data will be systematically collected and analyzed using SPSS version 25, with qualitative variables expressed as frequencies and percentages, and quantitative data assessed for normality and described accordingly. Statistical tests such as Chi-square and correlation analyses will be applied to evaluate associations, with the ultimate aim of estimating progression-free survival and overall survival in this patient population.