Description

Background and Rationale

Lower back pain affects roughly 37% of the adult population, with 60-85% of people experiencing it at some point in their lives. Lumbar laminectomy and hemilaminectomy are the standard surgical treatments for spinal stenosis and disc herniation causing radiculopathy. However, even with technically successful decompression surgery, a substantial number of patients continue to experience neuropathic pain, chronic post-surgical pain, and ongoing disability - a pattern sometimes classified as Failed Back Surgery Syndrome.

A key driver of this persistent pain appears to be central sensitization: a state in which the nervous system becomes hypersensitive and continues amplifying pain signals even after the original tissue damage has been surgically addressed. In effect, the body's "alarm system" stays active long after the danger has passed, and fear-avoidance behaviors driven by this sensitization can further entrench chronic pain. Most current pre-operative care models are reactive and, where prehabilitation exists, it typically consists of generic exercise programs that do not address these underlying neurophysiological mechanisms.

Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) is an evidence-based approach that helps patients understand that their pain reflects a sensitized nervous system rather than ongoing tissue damage. This understanding can reduce fear and catastrophizing and activate the brain's own pain-inhibiting pathways. While PNE has shown benefit when combined with exercise for chronic low back pain in several trials and meta-analyses, no standardized protocol currently integrates PNE into a cohesive pre-surgical (rather than purely conservative) program for laminectomy patients. This study is designed to fill that gap.

Significance

Because post-laminectomy neuropathic pain and disability remain common despite surgical advances, there is a clear need for improved pre-operative rehabilitation strategies. This study proposes and tests a "nervous system priming" program - one not currently part of standard pre-operative care - that pairs PNE with conventional pre-operative exercise. If shown effective, this approach could improve post-surgical recovery, reduce the prevalence of chronic pain, and lessen long-term reliance on analgesics and extended rehabilitation, while helping clinicians identify the more effective pre-operative approach for this patient population.

Objectives and Hypotheses

The study has two primary objectives: to compare the effects of PNE plus standard protocol versus standard protocol alone on post-laminectomy pain, and on post-laminectomy disability. The corresponding alternate hypotheses propose that there will be statistically significant differences (P\<0.05) between groups in both post-operative neuropathic pain and disability; the null hypotheses propose no significant difference.

Study Design and Methods

This is a randomized controlled trial running over seven months. Forty-four patients aged 35-60 years, scheduled for elective, primary one- or two-level lumbar laminectomy or decompression for radiculopathy due to stenosis or herniation, with at least a three-week pre-surgical waiting period, will be recruited via surgeon referral using nonprobability purposive sampling. Sample size was calculated using G\*Power at a 95% confidence interval with an estimated effect size of 0.25. Exclusion criteria include severe cognitive impairment, unstable medical conditions, spinal fractures, prior lumbar surgery, cauda equina syndrome, major systemic or psychiatric illness, and non-ambulatory status.

Participants will be randomized via coin toss into two groups of 22. The trial is single-blinded, with the control group receiving placebo counselling in place of actual PNE to preserve blinding. Both groups will undergo three individual 45-minute sessions over three weeks with a neuro-physical therapist, plus a home program. The experimental group's sessions combine two PNE sessions (covering pain biology, central sensitization, and neuroplasticity, delivered in Urdu using culturally adapted metaphors such as a "broken alarm" analogy, developed and pilot-tested for comprehension) with standard exercises. The control group receives the identical exercise protocol - ankle pumps, quad sets, gluteal sets, isometric abdominal sets, heel slides, and walking - without the educational component.

Outcome Measures

Neuropathic pain will be assessed using the painDETECT questionnaire (score ≥19 indicating a likely neuropathic component), and functional disability via the Oswestry Disability Index (a 10-point change considered clinically meaningful). The Central Sensitization Inventory will also be used. Assessments occur at baseline, three weeks post-operatively, and three months post-operatively to evaluate both short-term and sustained effects.

Ethical Considerations

The study will proceed only after informed consent from all participants and approval from the Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee. Participant confidentiality will be maintained, participants retain the right to withdraw at any time, and the trial will be registered with a clinical trial registry and undergo CBRC registration.