Overview

This prospective study will evaluate two different approaches for performing embolization to treat varicocele, a condition in which the veins around the testicle become enlarged. Thirty patients with varicocele will undergo embolization using either a transjugular approach, through a vein in the neck, or a transfemoral approach, through a vein in the groin. The choice of approach will depend on the patient's venous anatomy and the feasibility of the procedure. Patients will be followed up at one and three months after the procedure to assess treatment effectiveness, symptom improvement, and any complications.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1\. Male patients aged 16-60 years. 2. Clinically palpable varicocele (Grade II or III) or subclinical varicocele associated with abnormal semen parameters.

  3\. Recurrent varicocele following previous surgical treatment. 4. Presence of scrotal pain, testicular atrophy, or infertility attributed to varicocele.

  5\. Willingness to participate in the study and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

\- 1. Secondary varicocele due to a retroperitoneal mass or renal vein obstruction.

2\. Known allergy to iodinated contrast media. 3. Coagulation disorders or contraindications to endovascular procedures.