Overview

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare sequential PEG-IFNα therapy strategies in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients previously treated with ASO/siRNA. The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Does sequential PEG-IFNα therapy (vs. deferred/no treatment) improve HBsAg clearance rates?
2. What are the HBsAg clearance and relapse rates after 24 weeks of PEG-IFNα therapy?
3. Is intermittent PEG-IFNα therapy as effective and safe as continuous therapy?

Researchers will compare:

• Group A (immediate 24-week PEG-IFNα + 24-week follow-up) vs. Group B (24-week observation + 24-week PEG-IFNα) in Phase 1 to see if sequential PEG-IFNα therapy will improve HBsAg loss rate .

Researchers will describe:

• The response rate of IFN treatment in non-responders (HBsAg-positive) in Phase 2.
• The relaspe rate of responders (HBsAg-negative).

Participants will:

Phase 1 (0-48 weeks):

• Group A: Receive PEG-IFNα for 24 weeks, followed by 24-week treatment-free follow-up.
• Group B: Undergo 24-week observation, then receive PEG-IFNα for 24 weeks.

Phase 2 (48-96 weeks):

• HBsAg-positive at week 48 patients either from group A or group B : Receive 24-week PEG-IFNα therapy, followed by 24-week follow-up.
• HBsAg-negative at week 48 patients either from group A or group B: Enter 24-week follow-up without treatment.

All participants will undergo:

• HBsAg quantification, HBV DNA, liver function, and safety monitoring (every 12 weeks).

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age ≥18 years.
• Chronic HBV infection (documented HBsAg positivity for \>6 months).
• Prior participation in ASO or siRNA clinical trials:
• Received ≥1 dose of ASO/siRNA (or matched placebo, if applicable).
• Achieved ≥1 log10 IU/mL HBsAg decline from baseline during prior therapy.
• Discontinued ASO/siRNA therapy before screening.
• Screening HBsAg: 1-500 IU/mL.
• No prior interferon (IFN) therapy within 6 months before enrollment.
• Willingness to comply with study-related treatments, tests, and procedures.
• Commitment to contraception during the study.
• Voluntary participation with signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Decompensated cirrhosis or hepatic malignancy (evidenced by imaging or histology within 6 months before/during screening).
• Elevated AFP: Screening AFP \>100 ng/mL; AFP 20-100 ng/mL with imaging-confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (ultrasound/CT/MRI).
• Coinfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• Recent immunomodulatory therapy: Systemic corticosteroids, thymosin, or other potent immunomodulators for \>2 weeks within 6 months before enrollment.
• Pregnancy, lactation, or plans for pregnancy during the study.
• Autoimmune hepatitis.
• Active autoimmune diseases (e.g., psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus).
• Uncontrolled cardiovascular disease (e.g., unstable angina, myocardial infarction within 6 months).
• Poorly controlled endocrine disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction).
• Severe psychiatric disorders: History of depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or family history of psychiatric conditions (especially depression).
• Substance abuse: Alcohol (\>40 g/day for males; \>20 g/day for females) or Illicit drug use.
• Severe retinopathy or ophthalmologic disorders.
• Renal diseases: Chronic nephritis, renal insufficiency, nephrotic syndrome.
• Major organ dysfunction (e.g., heart, lung, pancreas).
• Organ transplant recipients or candidates.
• Hypersensitivity to interferon or excipients.
• Concurrent participation in other HBV-related interventional trials.
• Other conditions deemed unsuitable by investigators (e.g., non-compliance risk).