Description

The eye's ability to perform its visual functions depends on its three-dimensional structure. Ocular morphogenesis is a complex process that begins in humans as early as the 4th week of embryonic life, requiring coordinated interactions between various embryologically diverse tissues involving highly conserved genes (Cardozo MJ, 2023). Disruption in any of these stages of ocular development, due to genetic, toxic, or environmental factors, can result in growth or formation defects of the eye globe. Among the most frequent ocular developmental anomalies , there are micro-anophthalmia, coloboma, anterior segment dysgenesis and aniridia (Plaisancie J, 2019). Most of these anomalies are of genetic origin. The primary obstacle in understanding these diseases is the lack of easily accessible tissue for sampling, which would allow for expression analyses and the study of underlying molecular mechanisms.

In this group of pathologies, understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic development was until recently quite limited and relied almost exclusively on the establishment of genetically modified animal models, a procedure that is lengthy, costly, and cumbersome. Moreover, routine diagnostic use of this model is not feasible in a hospital setting. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new tools and models to advance the understanding and management of these pathologies. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) now allows for the understanding of the complexity of early organ development through the generation of 3D cellular models. Indeed, recent studies have shown that hiPSC-derived brain organoids retain, in a specific culture environment, the intrinsic capacity to develop optic vesicles (OV) mimicking early physiological ocular development and containing various ocular tissues (Gabriel E, 2021).

The optic vesicle organoid (OVBO) model thus represents a preferred alternative to the animal model in studying pathophysiological mechanisms and their use in preclinical trials. In addition to ethical and financial considerations, the latter has numerous advantages, particularly allowing the study of defective mechanisms directly from patient cells (precision medicine). Researchers have already developed the OVBO model from control hiPSC lines and have characterized the model under "physiological" conditions.

The next step in understanding the model and proving its utility in patients relies on studying the induced phenotype in OVBO models generated from hiPSCs from patients with genetically characterized ocular malformations. These "pathological" OVBO models will allow for detailed study of the molecular and cellular bases involved in these patients. Once the relevance of the model is demonstrated in modeling developmental pathologies of the eye, researchers will attempt to show that the OVBO model constitutes a robust alternative to the murine model in preclinical trials.