Overview
D5W) has long been used as an intravenous fluid for hydration and energy supplementation and has recently gained increasing clinical interest in perineural injection therapies and ultrasound-guided hydrodissection. D5W has been shown to improve pain and functional outcomes in entrapment neuropathies by mechanically releasing perineural adhesions and potentially modulating neurogenic inflammation. In contrast, 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) is routinely used as a dilution medium for local anesthetics in peripheral nerve blocks; however, emerging evidence suggests that alternative diluents such as D5W may influence block onset and efficacy.
The infraclavicular block is a commonly used ultrasound-guided technique for brachial plexus anesthesia, providing reliable anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for upper extremity surgery. This study aims to compare the effects of diluting bupivacaine with either D5W or 0.9% NaCl on block success and duration of analgesia in patients undergoing infraclavicular block. Secondary outcomes include block onset characteristics, sensory and motor block profiles, and perioperative analgesic requirements. The findings may help determine whether D5W represents a safe and effective alternative diluent to saline in routine regional anesthesia practice.
Description
D5W) has traditionally been used as an intravenous fluid to provide hydration and caloric support. In recent years, D5W has gained increasing attention for its use in innovative perineural injection therapies and ultrasound-guided hydrodissection techniques, particularly in the management of peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes. Clinical and randomized controlled studies have demonstrated that perineural D5W hydrodissection can mechanically separate fibrotic tissues surrounding compressed nerves, improve perineural blood flow, reduce pain, and enhance sensory and functional recovery in conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome and meralgia paresthetica. Beyond its mechanical effects, D5W is also thought to modulate neurogenic inflammation, regulate nociceptive C-fiber activity through local glucose-related mechanisms, and potentially promote neuroregenerative processes.
In routine regional anesthesia practice, 0.9% sodium chloride (normal saline) is the most commonly used diluent for local anesthetics to achieve the desired volume and concentration for peripheral nerve blocks. However, experimental and clinical data suggest that the sodium content and physicochemical properties of saline may influence the onset and quality of neural blockade. Some studies have reported earlier sensory block onset when local anesthetics are diluted with D5W rather than saline, suggesting that the choice of diluent may affect block characteristics.
The infraclavicular brachial plexus block is a well-established ultrasound-guided technique that provides reliable anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for surgeries involving the mid and distal upper extremity. Visualization of neural structures allows optimized local anesthetic spread and consistent block performance in routine clinical practice.
This study is designed to evaluate the effect of diluting bupivacaine with either D5W or 0.9% NaCl on block success and duration of analgesia in patients undergoing ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block. Secondary outcomes will include onset time of sensory and motor block, block quality, postoperative analgesic consumption, and safety parameters. By investigating an alternative dilution strategy, this study aims to contribute to optimizing peripheral nerve block techniques and improving patient-centered clinical outcomes.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients who agree to participate in the study and provide written informed consent
- Patients scheduled for elective upper extremity surgery for whom infraclavicular block is considered appropriate for anesthetic management
- Age between 18 and 65 years
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III
- Patients with a normal neurological examination in the extremity scheduled for peripheral nerve block
Exclusion Criteria:
- Patients who decline to participate in the study or refuse to provide informed consent
- History of allergy or hypersensitivity to study medications
- Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m²
- Body weight less than 40 kg
- Age below 18 years or above 65 years
- History of significant cardiac disease (e.g., arrhythmia, conduction disorders)
- Presence of coagulopathy (international normalized ratio \[INR\] \> 1.5 and/or platelet count \< 100,000/mm³)
- Hepatic failure or significant liver dysfunction
- Pregnant patients
- Infection at the planned peripheral block site
- Presence of neurological deficit in the extremity planned for peripheral nerve block
- Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and/or established diabetic neuropathy
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status IV
