Description

Individuals residing in nursing homes commonly present with physical frailty and/or cognitive impairment. These geriatric syndromes are strongly associated with accelerated functional and cognitive decline, increased dependency, elevated fall risk, higher rates of hospitalization, and increased mortality. Accordingly, long-term care settings require evidence-based interventions capable of preserving functional capacity and cognitive performance while reducing fall incidence. Non-pharmacological approaches, particularly multicomponent exercise training, have demonstrated beneficial effects on physical and cognitive outcomes in institutionalized older adults. Nevertheless, existing evidence remains limited by methodological heterogeneity, underscoring the need for confirmation through rigorously designed randomized controlled trials. Therefore, this study proposes a 12-week randomized controlled trial in older adults living in nursing homes to evaluate the efficacy of a multicomponent exercise training program incorporating resistance and power, balance, and aerobic components on physical function, cognitive performance, and fall prevention.

The primary objective is to determine whether a multicomponent exercise program produces greater improvements in physical and cognitive function and larger reductions in fall rates compared with a stretching and relaxation program used as an active control. Secondary objectives are to assess whether intervention effects are sustained six weeks following program cessation and to examine the moderating influence of specific subgroups, including frail older adults and individuals with dementia, on intervention-related outcomes.

This study will be conducted as a 12-week assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial with a six-week post-intervention follow-up in nursing homes located in Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto District, Portugal. Participants will be randomly allocated to either a multicomponent exercise training group or an active control group. The intervention group will engage in supervised multicomponent exercise training twice weekly on nonconsecutive days to mitigate fatigue and overtraining. Each session will last 50 to 60 minutes and will comprise a standardized warm-up, progressive resistance and power exercises integrated with aerobic and balance training, followed by a cool-down period consisting of stretching and flexibility exercises. The exercise protocol will be aligned with the Global Consensus on Optimal Exercise recommendations for promoting healthy longevity in older adults. The active control group will participate in stretching, relaxation, and deep-breathing exercises, as well as low-intensity seated physical activities. Outcome assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention at 12 weeks, and at follow-up at 18 weeks, with fall events prospectively monitored on a weekly basis throughout the study period.