Overview
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a Nursing Care Program based on Human Caring Theory on self-esteem, coping, and self-compassion in adolescents exhibiting self-harming behavior.
Hypotheses of the research:
H1-a: The self-esteem level of adolescents exhibiting self-harm in the intervention group that received the Human Caring Theory-Based Nursing Care Program differed significantly from the control group.
H1-b: The self-compassion level of adolescents exhibiting self-harm in the intervention group that received the Human Caring Theory-Based Nursing Care Program differed significantly from the control group.
H1-c: The coping level of adolescents exhibiting self-harm in the intervention group that received the Human Caring Theory-Based Nursing Care Program differed significantly from the control group.
This study is a randomized, controlled, single-blind experimental design. It will be conducted between January 2026 and March 2027 at the Child and Adolescent Mental Health and Diseases Outpatient Clinic of Antalya City Hospital with 54 adolescents (27 in the intervention group and 27 in the control group) who meet the inclusion criteria. The Human Caring Theory-Based Nursing Care Program will be applied individually and face-to-face to adolescents in the intervention group through structured therapeutic interviews. Data will be collected using a Personal Information Form, the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Coping Scale for Adolescents, and the Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Data analysis will be performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 31.0 software package. It is believed that the Human Caring Theory-Based Nursing Care Program may be effective in improving self-esteem, self-compassion, and coping skills in adolescents exhibiting self-harm behavior.
Description
Self-harm is when an individual injures or harms themselves in order to cope with or express emotional distress and confusion. Examples of self-harm include attempting to poison oneself by overdosing on drugs or harmful substances, cutting and scratching the skin, self-burning, and punching oneself. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of various countries, including Turkey, have found that self-harm behavior ranges from 16% to 17.7% and is particularly high among adolescents. Furthermore, systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate that self-harm is more common in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys, and is higher in Asia. Umbrella reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses show that many factors influence suicidal and self-harm. Self-esteem, self-compassion, and coping skills are some of the risk factors for self-harm.
Self-harm is a strong predictor of suicide attempts, is repetitive, and is one of the leading causes of death. Early intervention for self-harm can reduce the risk of suicide and death later in life. It is emphasized that planned interventions for self-harm should include alternative behavioral skills and problem-solving strategies, address the individual's strengths in collaboration, utilize individualized coping methods and self-care approaches, and be individualized, structured, and limited in duration. Human Caring Theory adopts the approach that each individual is unique and requires a holistic approach, that treatment is possible only with the individual's participation, and that the individual cannot be considered separately from their environment. Accordingly, it may be appropriate and effective for psychiatric nurses caring for adolescents exhibiting self-harm to base their care processes on Human Caring Theory. A review of the literature reveals that studies in nursing with adolescents based on Human Caring Theory are limited, and additionally, no experimental studies with individuals exhibiting self-harm behavior have been found. It is thought that a nursing care program based on the Human Caring Theory can contribute to the development of coping skills, self-compassion, and self-esteem in adolescents exhibiting self-harm, and can also reduce this behavior. The study suggests that this approach may be effective in protecting adolescents with self-harm from the risk of suicidal behavior and life-threatening risks associated with self-harm, and in maintaining their healthy development.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
The study will include adolescents who:
- are aged 14-18 years,
- volunteer to participate in the study, and
- have self-harm according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Adolescents with speech, hearing, comprehension, or visual impairments, as well as those receiving psychosocial support during the research process, will not be included in the study.
Sampling Exclusion Criteria:
- Adolescents who did not participate in all interviews
- Were admitted to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry clinic for treatment during the research process,
- Did not wish to continue participating in the interviews will be excluded from the study.