Overview

1. Eligible patients were selected and enrolled in the study.
2. General anesthesia was induced using ciprofol in all participants, with standardized evaluation of consciousness levels during induction.
3. The patients' pain and cognition are followed up after surgery.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients aged 18-65 years
• Scheduled for elective thyroidectomy
• ASA physical status classification I-II
• Willing to participate and providing written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Recent use of sedatives or opioid analgesics
• Severe hepatic or renal dysfunction defined as:Child-Pugh class C (score ≥10), Creatinine clearance \<35 mL/min ,Requiring preoperative dialysis
• Significant cardiovascular comorbidities
• Body mass index ≥35 kg/m² or \<18.5 kg/m²
• Known hypersensitivity or adverse reactions to propofol/ciprofol
• Neuropsychiatric disorders including:Alzheimer's disease,History of cerebrovascular events,Traumatic brain injury,Space-occupying brain lesions,Other significant neurological deficits