Overview

Theoretical Framework: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with nicotine dependence notably common among individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUD). Smoking exacerbates both physical and mental health issues, further complicating the treatment of SUD. Current therapeutic approaches for SUD often prove inadequate, indicating a need for new strategies. Recent advancements in metabolomics and gut microbiome research have provided valuable insights into the biological mechanisms underlying addiction.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of smoking cessation for individuals with SUD, using a six-week intervention within a therapeutic community. The research specifically explores the psychobehavioral, metabolic, and gut microbiome domains. It is hypothesized that smoking cessation will improve emotional regulation, self-efficacy, and reduce substance craving, mediated by changes in metabolic and microbiome profiles linked to brain reward systems.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial (N=100) will be conducted, examining outcomes such as clinical relapse rates, microbial and metabolic markers, particularly in choline and folate metabolism. Participants will undergo a six-week smoking cessation intervention, with pre- and post-assessments, compared to a control group receiving treatment as usual. Metabolomic and microbiome analyses will be conducted using blood and stool samples, alongside psychological assessments via questionnaires. Assessments on a behavioural level will take place at a 3-months follow-up.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria: Informed consent, a diagnosis of a form of substance use disorder (F1x.x) by a licensed psychiatrist according to ICD-10, minimum age of 18 years, sufficient knowledge of the German language, willingness to quit smoking.

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Exclusion Criteria: lack of consent, age below 18, inability to provide informed consent, acute psychotic symptoms or acute suicidal tendencies, cardiovascular disease, pregnancy or breastfeeding, severe mental or organic illnesses (such as epilepsy, brain tumors, recent major surgery), tumor diseases, dementia (Mini Mental Score \<20), severe autoimmune diseases or immunosuppression, acute infections, or acute diarrhea, prior gastrointestinal surgery (except appendectomy), probiotic intake within the last 6 months, or those consuming dietary supplements, probiotics, antibiotics, or prebiotic supplements during the study, prior participation in a smoking cessation programme.

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