Overview
This pilot study in healthy volunteers aims to determine if biological sex has an impact on recovery from dexmedetomidine-induced unconsciousness, and if transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) can be used to measure brain complexity during dexmedetomidine sedation without arousing study participants.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Between the ages of 18 to 65
- Normal body weight and habitus, body mass index (BMI) 18 to 30 kg/m2
- Non-smoker
- No history of taking stimulants or substance abuse
- For women: either use of hormonal contraception, or > 45 years old and last menstrual period > 12 months ago in the absence of any contraceptives.
- American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification 1 (ASA 1)
- Fluent in English (sufficient to communicate with the study team and understand the consent form)
Exclusion Criteria:
- Neurologic: epilepsy or positive history of a seizure, stroke, central disorders of hypersomnolence, neuroimmunological disorder (e.g. multiple sclerosis), Meniere's disease, Parkinson's disease, peripheral neuropathy, no significant visual or hearing impairments, findings in the clinical examination suggesting a neurologic disorder
- Psychiatric: history or treatment for an active psychiatric problem (including Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorder)
- Cardiovascular: hypertension, symptomatic hypotension or bradycardia, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, familial history of sudden cardiac death
- Respiratory: bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, shortness of breath, sleep apnea
- Gastrointestinal: esophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, ulcer
- Hepatic: hepatitis, jaundice, ascites
- Renal: acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency
- Reproductive: pregnancy, breast-feeding
- Endocrine: diabetes, thyroid disease, adrenal gland disease
- Hematologic: blood dyscrasias, anemia, coagulopathies
- Musculoskeletal: prior surgery or trauma to head neck or face, arthritis, personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia
- Medications: regular use of prescription and non-prescription medications expected to affect central nervous function, anticoagulant or thrombocyte-aggregation inhibiting therapy; exception: oral hormonal contraception
- Allergies: dexmedetomidine, phenylephrine, betablockers (including labetalol and esmolol), hydralazine, glycopyrrolate
Potential participants will not be enrolled in our study if they fail to pass a standard drug screening test (toxicology).