Overview

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of real-time audio-video telemedicine consults with a neonatologist (termed teleneonatology) on the early health outcomes of at-risk neonates delivered in community hospitals.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

GROUP 1: Community hospital clinicians

To be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. A clinician who attends newborn resuscitations at a participating community hospital spoke site.
2. Provision of informed oral consent prior to any mandatory study specific procedures and analyses.

GROUP 2: At-risk outborn neonates To be eligible for this study, a neonate born in a participating community hospital spoke site must meet \at least one\ of the following inclusion criteria

1. Preterm birth at less than 32 weeks' gestation at delivery; OR
2. Need for advanced resuscitation defined as:
   1. positive pressure ventilation (PPV) initiated soon after birth and continued for at least 10 minutes; OR
   2. placement of an alternative airway (endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask) to provide PPV; OR
   3. chest compressions.

Exclusion Criteria:

GROUP 1: Community hospital clinicians None

GROUP 2: At-risk outborn neonates

A neonate born in a participating community hospital spoke site who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from the study:

1. Birth outside of the hospital birthing center.
2. Neonatal transport team present at time of birth and providing resuscitative care.
3. Severe congenital anomaly necessitating intensive care or surgery in the first two weeks of life.
4. Plan for comfort care (non-resuscitation) following delivery.
5. In-person neonatology-trained physician present for the resuscitation.