Overview

This study compares the therapeutic (clinical and radiological) efficacy of a six-month treatment by itraconazole and nebulised Ambisome® (liposomal amphotericin B = LAmB) versus treatment by itraconazole alone, in non - or mildly - immunocompromised patients affected by Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (single aspergilloma excluded).

• Control arm: Itraconazole 200 mg x 2/day associated with inactive nebulised treatment twice a week during 24 weeks.

• Experimental arm: Itraconazole 200 mg x 2/day associated with nebulised LAmB, at 25 mg twice a week during 24 weeks.

Follow up duration for the patients will be 24 months (12 months minimum) after discontinuation of the treatment being studied.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

All adult patients affected with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CPA) "de novo" or in relapse (without any history of resistance to itraconazole) combining the following criteria are eligible:

1. Patient with an Aspergillus bronchopulmonary infection, be it cavitary, fibrotic, necrotizing (SIA/Semi Invasive Aspergillosis) or nodular and documented by compatible thoracic CT-scan images ;
2. Associated with one of the following criteria:
   • positive detection of anti-Aspergillus IgG and/or precipitating anti-aspergillus antibodies, according to the positivity threshold of the laboratory performing the technique,
   • positive direct examination of Aspergillus or positive culture, from bronchopulmonary samples (expectoration or endoscopic aspiration),
   • revealing aspergillar hyphae/filaments on histological samples
3. Men or women age ≥ 18 years;
4. For the women of childbearing age: women having a negative serum pregnancy test, having a contraception highly effective and accepting to pursue it during at least the first 12 months of the study;
5. Patient legally free and not subject to any custody, guardianship, tutelage or subordination measures;
6. Participants must be affiliated to France's Health Care Regime (" Sécurité Sociale ");
7. Free and informed consent signed by each participating patient.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. \- Patient affected with single aspergilloma
2. \- Patient presenting a contraindication to itraconazole (including all contraindicated co-administrated medications as listed in the itraconazole SmPc, including notably medications with potential to prolong theQT interval)
3. \- Patient presenting a contraindication to voriconazole and posaconazole (including all contraindicated coadministrated medications as listed in the SmPc)
4. \- Intolerance to beta2-agonists
5. \- Notion of relapse with isolation of an Aspergillus resistant to itraconazole
6. \- History of hypersensitivity reaction to liposomal amphotericin B or to itraconazole or to any other constituent
7. \- Patient having presented complications related to a previous treatment by nebulised LAmB
8. \- Patient received an oral (excepted oral Amphotericin B), parenteral or intra-cavity antifungal treatment within the last 2 months
9. \- Severe renal failure (clearance \<30 ml / min).
10. \- Hepatic failure with transaminase and alkaline phosphatase values \> 5 times normal
11. \- Significant abnormality of the blood cell and platelet counts (at the discretion of the investigator)
12. \- Concomitant use of one or several of treatments contra-indicated with the experimental or non-experimental treatment
13. \- Ventricular dysfunction such as congestive cardiac failure or history of congestive cardiac failure or patients with risk(s) factors of cardiac arrhythmia or symptomatic arrhythmia with a prolongation of the corrected QT interval \> 450 msec in men and 470 msec in women or treated by medication known to prolong QT interval, or prolongation of the corrected QT interval \> 450 msec in men and 470 msec in women.
14. \- Invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
15. \- Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis with indication for surgical intervention within 6 months from the start
16. \- Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
17. \- Immunocompromised patients
18. \- Threatening hemoptysis, with impossibility to defer surgical procedures (but patients contraindicated to surgery may be included after resolution of the hemoptysis)
19. \- Tuberculosis or progressive non-tuberculous mycobacteria
20. \- Respiratory infection aggravating the underlying CPA (patient may be included after eradication of infection)
21. \- Patient refusing to participate
22. \- Protected majors in the meaning of the law, non affiliated persons or with no social security scheme, persons deprived of liberty by a judicial or administrative decision, persons staying in a health or social institution, adults under legal protection, and finally patients in emergencies.
23. \- Patient in exclusion period following participation in another interventional study evaluating antifungals or medicines
24. \- Women at age to procreate and not using highly effective contraception, pregnant or breastfeeding women