Overview

Post-craniotomy pain remains a major challenge in patient care following neurosurgery.Flurbiprofen axetil (FA), as an injectable nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, is a widely prescribed NSAID for postoperative pain. As FA is highly lipophilic by merging into emulsified lipid microspheres, it has a high affinity to the surgical incision and inflammatory tissues to achieve targeted drug therapy and prolonged duration of action, thus providing a basis for its local use to achieve efficacy and safety comparable to or greater than systemic administration. In this study, we attempt to evaluate the clinical effects of FA as an adjunct to ropivacaine in pre-emptive scalp infiltration to prevent or reduce pain after craniotomy.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age minimum 18 years;
2. ASA physical status of I - II;
3. Body mass index (BMI) of 15 - 30;
4. Scheduled for supratentorial craniotomy under general anesthesia;
5. Anticipated tracheal extubation, recovery of consciousness and orientation within 2 hours after craniotomy.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Glasgow Coma Scale <15;
2. Unable to use the PCIA device or comprehend the pain NRS;
3. History of opioid dependence, chronic headache or intake of any drugs with known analgesic properties within the 24 hours before surgery;
4. History of craniotomy or scalp infection;
5. Any contraindication to flurbiprofen axetil, such as gastrointestinal ulcer, coagulation disorders, renal dysfunction, heart failure and ischemic heart disease;
6. History of allergy to any drug used in the study;
7. Pregnancy and breastfeeding.