Overview

This is an open label, single arm, prospective, and pilot study. Eligible patients will be enrolled after acquiring the signed informed consent and then will receive the treatment of re-RT combined with FUS (FUS + re-RT) on an outpatient basis. The re-RT in FUS + re-RT treatment will include fractioned stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment (FUS + SRS) or conventional radiotherapy (cRT) treatment (FUS + cRT). The treatment of SRS or cRT treatment given to patients is determined by the investigator depending on the volume and location of the treatment region.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult male/female patients ≥ 20 years of age
2. Histologically proven glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) that is recurrent following standard radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide and the second recurrent after prior treatment with an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGFR (including bevacizumab) administration (bevacizumab failure).
3. Patients if already on the steroids then should be on a stable or decreasing dose of steroids for at least 7 days prior to study treatment
4. Minimum interval since completion of radiation treatment is 12 weeks.
5. At the time of study treatment, minimum interval since last drug therapy:

        (1) 1 week for non-cytotoxic agents (e.g., interferon, tamoxifen), daily chemotherapy
        (e.g., metronomic temozolomide, cytoxan) or targeted therapies administered daily (e.g.,
        gleevec, tarceva)
        (2) 4 weeks since last cytotoxic therapy or inhibitor of VEGF or VEGFR (e.g., bevacizumab)
        (3) 6 weeks since the completion of a nitrosourea-containing chemotherapy regimen (e.g.,
        carmustine [BCNU])
        6. Body mass index (BMI) ≥17 kg/ m2
        7. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score ≤ 3
        8. Patients with life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks
        9. Adequate hepatic, renal, coagulation, and hematopoietic function.
          1. Hemoglobin ≥ 8 g/dL
          2. Platelets ≥ 100,000/mm3
          3. Neutrophils ≥ 1,500/mm3
          4. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)
          5. Alanine transaminase (ALT) < 3 x ULN
          6. Aspartate transaminase (AST) < 3 x ULN
          7. Prothrombin time ≤ 1.2 x ULN
          8. International Normalized Ratio (INR) < 1.5
          9. Bilirubin < 2 x ULN
        10. Patients with the region of interest (ROI) for FUS exposure are located at least 30 mm
        distance beneath the skull bone and the ROI is not in the deep center brain with crucial
        brain functions, such as in the region of brain stem, or motor or speech regions
        11. Patients with the potential for pregnancy and their partner must agree to follow
        acceptable birth control methods to avoid conception. Female patients of child-bearing
        potential must have a negative pregnancy test.
        12. Able to give written informed consent for the participation in the trial and comply
        with study requirements in the opinion of the investigator
        Exclusion Criteria:
          1. Patients with implanted pacemaker, defibrillator or deep brain stimulator, other
             implanted electronic devices in the brain or documented clinically significant
             arrhythmias
          2. Patients with meningeal metastasis, intracranial stroke, congestive heart failure,
             unstable angina, cardiac arrhythmia, unstable cardiac status, and uncontrolled seizure
             activity
          3. Patients with known HIV, however, that HIV testing is not required for entry into this
             study
          4. Any patient requiring supplemental oxygen therapy
          5. Use of any recreational drugs or history of drug addiction
          6. Pregnant or breast-feeding women
          7. The receipt of an investigational drug within a period of 28 days prior to the first
             FUS exposure
          8. Known sensitivity/allergy to PET tracers, O-(2- [18F]fluoroethyl)- L-tyrosine (FET);
             Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agents, Dotarem; Computer Tomography (CT)
             contrast agents; SonoVue®; or any of its components
          9. Any other condition that, in the investigator's judgment, might increase the risk to
             the patients or decrease the chance of obtaining satisfactory data needed to achieve
             the objectives of the study
         10. Abnormal baseline findings considered by the investigator to indicate conditions that
             might affect study endpoints
         11. Patients who have acute hemorrhage within the ROI
         12. Major surgery or significant traumatic injury that has not been recovered from by 4
             weeks prior to screening, or patients who have had minor procedures, percutaneous
             biopsies or placement of vascular access device ≤ 1 week prior to screening, or who
             have not recovered from side effects of such procedure or injury
         13. Patients who have coagulopathy or risk factors for bleeding.
         14. Receiving anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs within one week before study entry
         15. Receiving medications known to increase the risk of bleeding within one month before
             study entry (e.g., bevacizumab)
         16. Contraindications to MRI, including but not limited to metallic implants and
             claustrophobia
         17. Patients with severe hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg or
             diastolic blood pressure >100 mmHg)
         18. Patients with cardiac shunt
         19. Patients with anticancer therapy-related adverse events which are
             unrecovered/unresolved to baseline or at grade 1 in severity