Overview
This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of Mobilization with Movement (MWM) on pain, functional status, and joint position sense in individuals with rotator cuff lesions. Rotator cuff pathology is a common cause of shoulder pain and functional limitation, and impairments in proprioception may further compromise shoulder motor control and recovery.
Eligible participants with rotator cuff lesions will be randomly allocated into three groups: (1) Mobilization with Movement (MWM), (2) conventional physiotherapy, and (3) control group. All participants will be evaluated before and after the intervention period. Outcome measures will include shoulder-related functional disability assessed by the QuickDASH questionnaire, pain intensity, and shoulder joint position sense evaluated using an active repositioning test with a laser pointer during shoulder flexion.
The study is designed to determine whether MWM provides additional benefits over conventional treatment or no intervention in improving pain, function, and proprioceptive accuracy. The findings are expected to contribute to evidence-based conservative rehabilitation strategies for patients with rotator cuff lesions.
Description
Rotator cuff lesions are among the most common causes of shoulder pain and functional limitation, particularly in middle-aged and older adults. Due to the wide range of motion and complex biomechanics of the glenohumeral joint, integrity of the rotator cuff muscles is essential for dynamic stability, coordinated movement, and precise joint positioning. Pathological changes in the rotator cuff may lead not only to pain and reduced functional capacity but also to impairments in proprioception, which can negatively affect motor control and increase the risk of recurrent injury.
Conservative management is widely recommended as the first-line treatment for rotator cuff lesions and typically includes therapeutic exercises, physical agents, and manual therapy techniques. Mobilization with Movement (MWM), developed within the Mulligan concept, is a manual therapy approach that combines sustained accessory joint mobilization with active, pain-free physiological movement. MWM is proposed to improve joint mechanics, reduce pain, and enhance neuromuscular and proprioceptive input. While previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of MWM in reducing pain and improving function in various musculoskeletal conditions, evidence regarding its effects on shoulder proprioception, particularly joint position sense, in individuals with rotator cuff lesions remains limited.
This randomized controlled trial is designed to evaluate the effects of MWM on pain, functional outcomes, and joint position sense in patients with rotator cuff lesions. Eligible participants diagnosed with rotator cuff pathology will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Mobilization with Movement (MWM) group, (2) conventional physiotherapy group, or (3) control group. Randomization will be performed after baseline assessment to ensure allocation concealment.
All participants will undergo standardized assessments at baseline (pre-intervention) and after completion of the intervention period (post-intervention). Functional status of the upper extremity will be evaluated using the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Pain intensity will be assessed using validated self-report measures. Shoulder proprioception will be assessed through a joint position sense test using an active repositioning method during shoulder flexion with a laser pointer system, recording the deviation from a predefined target point in centimeters.
The MWM group will receive manual therapy interventions based on Mulligan principles, applied by a trained physiotherapist, in addition to standard care. The conventional physiotherapy group will receive commonly used rehabilitation interventions excluding MWM techniques. The control group will not receive therapeutic intervention during the study period. All procedures will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.
The primary objective of this study is to determine whether MWM leads to superior improvements in pain, functional ability, and joint position sense compared with conventional physiotherapy and no intervention. Secondary objectives include evaluating the magnitude of treatment effects and exploring the relationship between changes in proprioception and functional outcomes. The results of this trial are expected to provide clinically relevant evidence regarding the role of Mobilization with Movement in conservative rehabilitation protocols for individuals with rotator cuff lesions.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 18 and 65 years
- Clinical and/or imaging-confirmed diagnosis of rotator cuff lesion (e.g., tendinopathy or partial tear)
- Presence of shoulder pain for at least 3 months
- Pain and functional limitation during shoulder movements
- Ability to actively perform shoulder movements required for assessment and intervention
- No physiotherapy or manual therapy treatment for the affected shoulder within the last 3 months
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of shoulder surgery on the affected side
- Full-thickness rotator cuff tear or shoulder instability
- Shoulder fracture, dislocation, or acute trauma within the past 6 months
- Neurological disorders affecting the upper extremity (e.g., cervical radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy)
- Systemic inflammatory or rheumatologic diseases
- Severe shoulder osteoarthritis or adhesive capsulitis
- Current participation in another clinical trial
- Use of corticosteroid injection in the affected shoulder within the last 3 months
- Pregnancy
- Inability to comply with the study protocol or assessment procedures