Description

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by airway narrowing, hyperinflation, and increased airway resistance. Over time, these changes flatten the diaphragm, leading to reduced efficiency of the primary respiratory muscle. As a compensatory mechanism, asthmatic patients rely heavily on accessory muscles, particularly the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles. Prolonged overuse of these muscles contributes to shortening, tightness, and altered biomechanics of the cervical region, resulting in forward head posture (FHP). FHP negatively influences respiratory mechanics by reducing rib cage mobility, altering muscle recruitment patterns, and impairing effective exhalation. It is also associated with musculoskeletal discomfort and cervical spine stress, which further compound the challenges faced by asthmatic individuals.

Correcting FHP is therefore an important therapeutic target. Evidence suggests that restoring cervical alignment improves lung function parameters and breathing mechanics in patients with asthma. McKenzie neck exercises are a widely recognized approach for postural correction. These exercises aim to normalize cervical spine position, reduce stress on accessory muscles, and promote improved head and neck alignment. By addressing postural deviations, McKenzie exercises may indirectly enhance diaphragmatic function and overall ventilatory efficiency.

Breathing retraining techniques such as Pilates breathing and Buteyko breathing have also been shown to provide benefits for patients with asthma. Pilates-based breathing emphasizes controlled inhalation and exhalation with engagement of the diaphragm and rib cage expansion, promoting better respiratory coordination and relaxation. Buteyko breathing, in contrast, focuses on reducing hyperventilation and breath-holding techniques to optimize carbon dioxide levels and minimize airway irritation. Both methods target abnormal breathing patterns commonly found in asthma but through different mechanisms. This study is designed to examine the combined effect of postural correction and breathing retraining. Participants are randomly allocated into two groups, both receiving McKenzie neck exercises but paired with different breathing methods. Group A performs McKenzie exercises alongside Pilates-based breathing, while Group B combines McKenzie exercises with Buteyko breathing.