Description

BACKGROUND Endometriosis is characterised by the presence of endometrial-like tissue ('lesions') outside the uterus, commonly on the lining of the pelvic cavity. It is a chronic, inflammatory gynaecological condition that affects approximately 6-10% of women and those assigned female at birth. It is associated with debilitating pelvic pain, gastrointestinal and urinary symptoms, fatigue and infertility. Endometriosis can profoundly affect quality of life, limiting daily activities, social engagement, physical and sexual health, relationships, career and educational pursuits, mental well-being, and overall health. It is associated with a 45% reduction in work productivity with an annual cost for caring for women with endometriosis estimated at \> £8.2 billion per year in the UK.

People with endometriosis experience an average of 8 years of delay in the UK from the onset of their symptoms before receiving a diagnosis. There are no validated non-invasive tests for endometriosis and the current gold standard for diagnosis is via a diagnostic laparoscopy. Currently, the waiting time for this procedure in the UK is variable across NHS Trusts and can be up to two years.

Treatment options typically include:

• Painkillers e.g. paracetamol, NSAIDs.
• Surgery to remove endometriosis lesions, although this is ineffective in an estimated 30 % of women and, even when its effective, symptoms return in up to 50% of women within 5 years of surgery.
• Hormone therapies, which are not curative, can have significant side effects and are contraceptive.

Some individuals explore lifestyle changes, such as dietary adjustments or exercise, but research on the effectiveness of these approaches remains limited.

RATIONALE FOR STUDY

Endometriosis is a heterogeneous disease in terms of symptoms, trajectory, and indicated therapeutic course, which highlights the need to develop personalised and targeted approaches for effective longitudinal management which are acceptable and accessible to patients and their health care team.

There is a clear unmet need for earlier diagnosis and more effective pain management for people who suffer from the condition.

The goal of this study is to accelerate discovery and advance data-driven research into endometriosis diagnosis and treatment by collecting large, multimodal, longitudinal data. This study is for the collection of data which will be retrospectively analysed. No feedback will be given to the individual participants on the results.

To achieve this goal, the investigators plan to deliver a longitudinal cohort Approximately 3000 UK individuals with endometriosis will be invited to take part in the study. participants will be asked to do the following over a 24-month period:

1. Record information about their pain, physical functioning, mental health/emotional functioning, diet/sleep, medical/surgical interventions and self-management strategies on a bespoke smartphone app specifically developed for the needs of this project
2. Wear smartwatches for up to four, six-week periods to collect raw actigraphy data (three-dimensional acceleration, wrist temperature, ambient light) from which we can objectively infer longitudinal physical activity, sleep, and circadian variability characteristics using algorithms we have developed in-house. The smartwatches will be posted to participants and include pre-paid envelopes for their return to the research team, following similar protocols we have already developed and successfully deployed at the University of Edinburgh in related longitudinal studies (e.g. the SHAW study, https://www.shaw.business-school.ed.ac.uk/).
3. Obtain serial self-collected samples of saliva, blood, faeces and urine on up to four occasions. Sample collection kits will be sent to participants by our research team by post, self-collected at home and posted by participants back to our research team for analysis in our laboratory. This approach in collecting samples remotely will allow us to collect information from a diverse population of patients with endometriosis UK-wide and builds on our experience with longitudinal data collection.

The proposed study has been informed by those with lived experience of endometriosis and by representatives from the UK patient organisation, Endometriosis UK.