Description

\*\*\ STUDY DESCRIPTION \\*\*

Hearing in noisy environments is one of the most common challenges faced by individuals with hearing loss, and even people with normal hearing often struggle to understand speech in situations such as restaurants, classrooms, and busy public spaces. Modern hearing aids use advanced digital signal-processing strategies, especially deep neural network (DNN)-based noise reduction, to improve speech intelligibility in these difficult listening situations. However, these technologies vary widely in how well they work, and their benefits can depend on factors such as noise level, background type, and an individual's degree of hearing loss. This study examines how different noise-reduction strategies affect a listener's ability to understand speech across a range of real-world listening conditions. A monaural, omnidirectional configuration is to isolate single-microphone noise-reduction strategies without the benefit of directional hearing-aid processing. The research compares several processing modes, each representing a distinct noise-reduction algorithm or signal-processing approach. These modes include stronger and weaker forms of noise reduction as well as "off" conditions with no noise-reduction processing applied. Participants will complete listening tasks at several input signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), representing easier and more difficult levels of background noise. All participants experience each condition in a controlled, fully counterbalanced order to reduce learning effects and bias.

\*\*\ OVERVIEW OF THE LISTENING TASKS \\*\*

During the study, listeners complete speech-understanding tasks using the dual-sentence paradigm, a testing method developed to better reflect the real-world cognitive load of listening in noise. Traditional speech tests typically ask a listener to repeat a single sentence at a time. While useful, these single-sentence tasks often underestimate the difficulty of everyday listening, which requires people to monitor, remember, and respond to multiple pieces of information at once. The dual-sentence paradigm addresses this gap by presenting two sentences back-to-back within the same trial. The participant hears Sentence A, followed immediately by Sentence B, spoken by different talkers. The participant is asked to immediately repeat the first sentence and then type the second sentence.

This structure increases cognitive demand by requiring the listener to hold more spoken information in working memory while simultaneously dealing with background noise. The approach provides a more sensitive measure of how signal-processing strategies affect not only audibility but also real-world listening effort, memory load, and speech comprehension.

\*\*\ HOW NOISE-REDUCTION STRATEGIES ARE EVALUATED \\*\*

To evaluate the effects of each noise-reduction setting, participants complete the dual-sentence task at several SNRs - for example, easier (positive) SNRs where speech is louder than the noise, and harder (negative) SNRs where noise competes strongly with speech. Each noise-reduction mode is tested at every SNR, producing a full set of performance data for every combination of algorithm strength and noise difficulty. Speech understanding is measured using standard scoring methods for sentence recall tasks. Participants' responses are recorded, and accuracy is scored based on the number of keywords correctly repeated for each sentence. This allows the research team to quantify how different processing strategies influence speech intelligibility and cognitive load under controlled listening conditions.

\*\*\ SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE AND EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS \\*\*

Deep neural network-based noise-reduction strategies have emerged in many commercial hearing devices, but their performance can vary depending on training data, model complexity, and how aggressively the noise is reduced. Some settings may improve intelligibility but distort the speech signal; others may reduce noise but introduce processing delays or artifacts that affect listener comfort. By systematically comparing multiple noise-reduction algorithms under identical conditions, this study aims to map how different strategies alter both speech understanding and listening difficulty. Findings from this research can help guide the development of more effective, listener-centered noise-reduction approaches for hearing aids. The results may also improve clinical recommendations by identifying which algorithm strengths work best in different noise environments.

\*\*\ BROADER SIGNIFICANCE \\*\*

The ability to communicate in noisy surroundings has profound effects on social participation, work performance, and quality of life. Many hearing aid users continue to report difficulty in noisy environments despite technological advancements. A more detailed understanding of how listeners respond to different noise-reduction strategies, especially under the cognitively demanding dual-sentence paradigm, may help manufacturers design more supportive features and may assist clinicians in tailoring fittings to an individual's daily listening needs.

This study ultimately seeks to support future improvements in hearing-aid design and programming by providing objective evidence on how advanced noise-reduction algorithms affect real-world speech understanding.