Overview

This single-center, prospective, single-arm study will evaluate whether giving neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy can safely shrink esophageal cancer and allow organ-preserving endoscopic removal in selected patients. Adults with esophageal cancer will receive at least two 3-week cycles of a PD-1 inhibitor (tislelizumab 200 mg on Day 1) plus carboplatin (AUC 3-5, Day 1) and nab-paclitaxel (≤260 mg/m², Day 1). During treatment, routine safety tests are performed. About 3-4 weeks after completing at least two cycles, participants undergo clinical reassessment with examinations and imaging (such as endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, PET/CT or CT of the neck, chest, and upper abdomen) to evaluate tumor shrinkage and possible spread. Tumor response is assessed using RECIST 1.1. If a clinical complete response is achieved without obvious nodal disease, endoscopic resection may be performed to preserve the esophagus; otherwise, patients may proceed to surgery or concurrent chemoradiation per clinical judgment. The study focuses on feasibility and safety of this organ-preserving approach and describes tumor responses after therapy. Potential benefits include tumor shrinkage and avoiding major surgery in selected cases; risks include side effects of standard chemotherapy/immunotherapy and procedure-related discomforts from biopsies or endoscopic treatments.

Eligibility

Cohort A - Potentially resectable ESCC:

Inclusion Criteria：

1. Age range: 18-80 years old;
2. Patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) through histopathological examination of biopsy tissues from the primary tumor;
3. Patients with potentially resectable esophageal cancer confirmed by imaging and endoscopic examinations (T1b-3, N0, M0, with a tumor size not exceeding 5 cm and occupying less than 2/3 of the luminal circumference); Patients who have not received any antitumor treatment, including but not limited to surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy;
4. Patients with a preoperative Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of 0 or 1;
5. Patients with a preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification of I-III;
6. Female patients of reproductive age should have a negative pregnancy test and be willing to use effective contraceptive methods during the study period;
7. Patients who have signed the informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with potential tracheoesophageal fistula or aortoesophageal fistula;
2. Patients with severe malnutrition or requiring tube feeding;
3. Patients with other malignancies that have not been cured within the past 2 years (except for cured basal cell carcinoma of the skin and cured carcinoma in situ of the cervix);
4. Patients with active autoimmune diseases or a history of autoimmune diseases or symptoms that require systemic corticosteroid treatment or anti-autoimmune drug therapy;
5. Immunocompromised patients, or patients who are still receiving systemic steroids (prednisone \> 10 mg/day or equivalent) or other forms of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days before the first dose of neoadjuvant therapy in this study;
6. Patients with active infections requiring systemic treatment within 7 days before the first neoadjuvant therapy in this study;
7. Patients with a history of allogeneic organ or stem cell transplantation;
8. Patients with allergies to drugs or related components involved in this study;
9. Patients who are currently participating in any other clinical study.

Cohort B - Surgery-contraindicated ESCC:

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals aged above 18 years;
2. Patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through histopathological examination of biopsy tissues from the primary tumor;
3. Patients with esophageal cancer deemed as surgically contraindicated (including those with cervical esophageal cancer, surgical contraindications, those who refuse surgery, or those considered high-risk for esophagectomy, defined as having at least one of the following characteristics: (1) age over 75 years, (2) Charlson comorbidity index \>= 2, (3) presence of moderate lung dysfunction, (4) malnutrition (with a body mass index below 18 kg/m\^2)), with a clinical staging of cT1b-3N0M0, a tumor size not exceeding 5 cm, and occupying less than 2/3 of the luminal circumference;
4. Patients who have not undergone any antitumor treatment, including but not limited to surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy;
5. Female patients of reproductive age should have a negative pregnancy test and be willing to adopt effective contraceptive measures during the study period;
6. Patients who have signed the informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with allergies to the drugs or related components involved in this study;
2. Patients who are currently participating in any other clinical study.