Description

Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is a multifactorial disorder that occurs in nearly one-third of severely injured patients and is closely linked to increased transfusion requirements, multiorgan failure, and higher mortality rates. Despite progress in trauma care and surgical interventions, hemorrhage and TIC remain leading contributors to preventable trauma-related deaths.

Conventional resuscitation approaches primarily involve fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelet transfusions; however, these blood products are constrained by delayed availability, large infusion volumes, and inconsistent concentrations of clotting factors. In addition, transfusing large amounts of plasma increases the risk of transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) as well as transfusion related acute lung injeury (TRALI). By contrast, coagulation factor concentrates such as four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) provide more rapid correction of deficiencies, require smaller infusion volumes, allow standardized dosing, and reduce logistical challenges.

Both randomized and observational investigations have explored the utility of PCC in TIC. The PROCOAG randomized clinical trial found no significant reduction in blood product use within 24 hours when PCC was given early compared with placebo, but reported a higher rate of thromboembolic complications . Mechanistic analyses demonstrated that PCC effectively enhanced thrombin generation, supporting its biological activity but also explaining the elevated thrombotic risk . A recent meta-analysis of randomized and cohort studies likewise showed that PCC reduced transfusion requirements but did not decrease mortality, while raising concerns over thromboembolic events at higher doses .

Systematic reviews published in recent years have drawn divergent conclusions. Some suggest that PCC may be most effective when used in carefully selected patients, often in conjunction with plasma, fibrinogen, or tranexamic acid. In contrast, Ovesen et al. highlighted that evidence from randomized trials remains insufficient to establish whether PCC is superior or inferior to other interventions in reducing clinically important outcomes or improving quality of life. Consequently, optimal dosing strategies and timing remain uncertain, and the balance between efficacy and thrombotic risk continues to be debated. As noted by Savi and Hawryluk , the absence of adequately powered clinical trials remains a major limitation for the development of standardized treatment algorithms. A recent qualitative synthesis incorporating seven observational studies and four randomized trials similarly concluded that the evidence base remains limited, underscoring the need for well-designed future research to clarify the role of PCC in TIC .

Recombinant activated factor VII, originally designed for patients with hemophilia and inhibitors, has also been employed off-label as a rescue therapy for uncontrollable bleeding in trauma. While initial studies indicated reductions in transfusion requirements, randomized trials failed to demonstrate a survival advantage and revealed higher thromboembolic risk, particularly in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease . More recent systematic reviews confirm that although rFVIIa may achieve hemostasis in selected life-threatening cases, its routine use in unselected trauma patients is not supported .

Overall, available evidence suggests that both PCC and rFVIIa have the capacity to correct TIC, yet their safety profiles and impact on patient outcomes remain uncertain . Direct comparative research evaluating PCC, rFVIIa, and their potential combined use in real-world trauma practice is urgently needed to better define their influence on transfusion requirements, thrombotic events, and survival.