Overview
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a major cause of secondary hypertension, yet its optimal diagnosis and management remain challenging. This study comprehensively evaluates adrenal venous sampling (AVS), addressing key clinical, technical, and methodological issues, and aims to clarify the relationship between AVS-guided management and long-term clinical and biochemical outcomes to optimize patient care and prognosis.
Description
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension, yet its optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies remain challenging. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) is regarded as the gold standard for subtype differentiation; however, important clinical, technical, and methodological issues have not been systematically addressed. This study is designed to comprehensively evaluate AVS and its clinical implications, aiming to elucidate the relationship between AVS-guided diagnosis and management of PA and long-term clinical and biochemical outcomes, while refining AVS protocols, standardizing clinical practice, optimizing therapeutic decision-making, and ultimately improving patient management and prognosis.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Patients with confirmed primary aldosteronism;
- Patients undergoing adrenal venous sampling for subtype classification of primary aldosteronism.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Severe comorbidity, including stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, severe valvular heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and metastatic tumor within the previous 3 months；
- An estimated glomerular filtration rate \<45 ml/min/1.73 m2, or serum creatinine \>176 μmol/L；
- Patients who refuse adrenalectomy;
- Suspected of having an adrenocortical carcinoma;
- Allergy to contrast agent;
- Pregnant, nursing, or planning to become pregnant