Overview
This prospective observational study will compare the postoperative analgesic efficacy of two multimodal regional anesthesia combinations routinely used after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed under spinal anesthesia. The study will observe patient groups who receive, as part of standard clinical practice, either the Biceps Femoris Short Head (BiFeS) block combined with the Adductor Canal Block (ACB) or the Interspace Between the Popliteal Artery and the Capsule of the Knee (IPACK) block combined with the Adductor Canal Block (ACB). The research team will not assign, perform, or direct any blocks; all regional anesthesia procedures will be administered independently by anesthesiologists experienced in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia as part of routine care.
Postoperative pain will be observed and documented using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at multiple time points within the first 24 hours. Opioid consumption will be recorded based on intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) data, and the need for rescue analgesia will be noted. Additional postoperative observations will include functional recovery, quality of recovery scores, and the incidence of adverse events.
Postoperative pain will be evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at multiple time points within the first 24 hours. Opioid consumption will be recorded through intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), and the need for rescue analgesia will be assessed. Additional postoperative observations will include functional recovery, quality of recovery scores, and the incidence of adverse events.
Description
This prospective, single-center, observational study will be conducted at Karabük Training and Research Hospital. This is an observational study. Participants are not assigned to any intervention by the research team. All regional anesthesia blocks are performed as part of routine clinical practice, and the investigators only collect data related to outcomes. No interventions are administered because of study participation. The research team does not perform, modify, or direct any clinical procedures; all blocks are performed independently as part of routine care.
The study population will include adults aged 18-80 years undergoing elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia. All eligible patients will receive routine multimodal analgesia and will undergo one of two commonly used regional anesthesia combinations:
Biceps Femoris Short Head (BiFeS) block + Adductor Canal Block (ACB)
Interspace Between the Popliteal Artery and the Capsule of the Knee (IPACK) block + Adductor Canal Block (ACB)
The choice of block combination will be determined by the attending anesthesiologist as part of standard clinical practice. The research team will not influence clinical decisions and will only record perioperative and postoperative data.
Regional Anesthesia Techniques (Routine Care Descriptions)
IPACK Block: The patient will remain in the supine position with the knee flexed 30-45°. A 3.5-6 MHz convex US probe will be placed over the popliteal fossa to visualize the popliteal artery at the femoral condyle level in the short axis. A 22G, 100 mm needle will be advanced in-plane from lateral to medial, and the tip will be positioned between the popliteal artery and femoral condyle. After negative aspiration, 25 mL 0.25% bupivacaine will be slowly injected.The aim is to provide effective posterior knee analgesia by blocking the sensory branches without motor impairment.
BiFeS Block: With the patient in the supine position, the potential space between the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the short head of the BF muscle will be identified under US guidance. A 22G, 100 mm echogenic needle will be advanced in-plane, and 25 mL 0.25% bupivacaine will be injected. All blocks will be performed by anesthesiologists experienced in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia.
ACB: ACB will also be performed in the same session using 15 mL 0.25% bupivacaine beneath the sartorius muscle under US guidance.
Anesthesia and Analgesia Approach
All patients will undergo spinal anesthesia as part of routine care. Postoperative analgesia will include multimodal medications used in standard practice at the study center, as well as intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) when required. Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Opioid use will be calculated in morphine milligram equivalents (MME).
Outcome Assessments
Postoperative outcomes will include cumulative opioid consumption at 12 and 24 hours, pain scores at predefined time points, quality of recovery using the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) questionnaire, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) scores, block performance time, time to first mobilization, functional evaluation with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, block-related and opioid-related complications, and total length of hospital stay.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Adults aged 18-80 years scheduled for elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under spinal anesthesia
- ASA physical status I-III
- Eligible for and capable of using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
- Provided written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
- Chronic opioid use for more than four weeks before surgery
- Presence of chronic pain conditions (e.g., migraine, fibromyalgia)
- History of alcohol or drug abuse
- Known allergy or hypersensitivity to local anesthetics or opioids
- Severe organ dysfunction (e.g., significant hepatic or renal disease)
- Revision or bilateral knee arthroplasty
- Contraindications to regional anesthesia
- Preexisting neuropathy or prior femoral vascular surgery on the operated side.
- Infection near the injection site (e.g., osteomyelitis, septic joint).
- Contraindication to spinal anesthesia (e.g., refusal, coagulopathy, use of anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents) or inability to understand NRS.
- Severe psychiatric or cognitive disorders (e.g., psychosis, dementia) that prevent cooperation or pain assessment
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women