Overview
The investigators hypothesize that a myoelectric (EMG) controlled VR interface allows for effective upper limb motor recovery of stroke patients. EMG control offers the possibility to alter visual feedback according to the recorded muscle activity in real-time. By manipulating the motion of a virtual hand associated with the recorded muscle patterns, assistance can be provided to stroke patients by correcting the error between the actual (dysfunctional) and a reference (functional) muscle pattern. Thus, through such an assistive EMG control algorithm, patients will be able to perform reaching movements with the virtual hand despite their motor impairment. By gradually reducing assistance, it is hypothesized that the salient error in the task space provided as visual feedback will systematically change the muscle patterns, thereby driving adaptation of the dysfunctional muscle patterns, enhancing motor recovery. Moreover, due to its relevant role in motor learning, it is expected that cerebellar stimulation will favor the underlying processes of adapting cerebello-cortical plasticity involved in motor learning. Therefore, it is hypothesized that an assistive EMG control algorithm in combination with cerebellar transcranial magnetic stimulation will further enhance upper limb recovery.
Description
Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a novel form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation that mimics protocols inducing long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression. Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a novel form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation that mimics protocols inducing long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) in animal models. Whereas continuous TBS induces long-lasting inhibition of cortical areas, iTBS exerts the opposite effect, increasing cerebellar excitability.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- First ever ischemic stroke with mild to moderate motor impairment of upper limb;
- Left or right sub-cortical or cortical lesion of the middle cerebral artery;
- Age\>18, \<80 years;
- No visuospatial, cognitive, or attention deficits;
- Fugl-Meyer score\<56.
Exclusion Criteria:
- History of seizures;
- Treatment with Benzodiazepines, Baclofen;
- Pregnancy status;
- Intracranial metal implant;
- Cardiac pace-maker;
- Orthopedic upper limb limitation;
- Upper limb pain;
- Patients with neurological diseases beyond stroke or with neuropsychiatric disorders or with neuropsychological disorders that could potentially compromise informed consent or compliance during the study.