Description

Frozen shoulder is a musculoskeletal disorder and it is a painful shoulder condition, it is also known as adhesive capsulitis. This condition is usually caused by progressive fibrosis and contracture of glenohumeral joint capsule and it cause pain and stiffness in glenohumeral joint. In patients with adhesive capsulitis there is significant reduction of both active and passive ROMs. Adhesive capsulitis is more common in females than in males with the age range from 40-60 years. Most affected ROM in patient with adhesive capsulitis is external rotation but internal rotation and other range of motions of shoulder are also affected. Frozen shoulder is prevalent in 2-3% of general population, with variations across countries and regions. There are three stages of adhesive capsulitis. Patient in early stages usually present with inflammation which progressively changes into fibrotic changes. Its diagnosis is usually made on the basis of history and physical examination.

Shoulder joint capsule has different segments and each segment has some effect on shoulder ROMs in all directions. Thickness of joint capsule is primary restraint that cause reduction in ROMs in frozen shoulder patient. Fibrosis of glenohumeral joint capsule often cause effusion of long head of bicep brachi. Risk factor for adhesive capsulitis includes female gender specifically age greater than 45 and diabetes, Dupuytren contracture, immobilization of the shoulder, complex regional pain syndrome. Individuals with higher BMI with hyperlipidemia are at higher risk for adhesive capsulitis. A study on subjects with chronic non traumatic shoulder pain (n=72) showed high prevalence of MTrPs in all subjects; highest prevalence being in infraspinatus (78%) followed by upper trapezius (58%), middle trapezius (43%), deltoid and teres minor.

Niel-Asher technique mainly based on the principle of body's natural healing mechanisms. It targets adherent structures to release fibrosis. It also stimulates specific neural pathways by activating mechanoreceptors and helps CNS to enhance pain reduction and functional improvement. This technique remodels the shoulder capsule by relieving soft tissue adhesions. It also decreases nociceptive sensitivity, improves circulation that leads to pain relief and restoration of range of motion of shoulder joint. This technique employed deep stroking massage and compression of trigger points in five steps on major muscles such as rotator cuff muscles/ teres minor, Infraspinatus and deltoid muscle.

Sleeper stretch technique isolates the soft tissue restraints in the posterior shoulder to correct mobility and flexibility deficit. Sleeper stretch targets infraspinatus and teres minor muscles and improve shoulder ROMs and internal rotation by decreasing stiffness of the posterior capsule and muscle tendon tension.

This study aims to find the additional effect of Niel-Asher technique along with sleeper stretch and conventional therapy (which include exercise therapy and ischemic compression to release trigger points )on minimizing pain, improving shoulder ranges of motion and functional activities in individuals affected by Adhesive capsulitis.