Overview

This study assesses the effectiveness of neuromodulation in alleviating pain through the stimulation of peripheral nerves. The research involves implanting electrodes for test stimulation of peripheral nerves (PNS - Peripheral Nerve Stimulation), spinal cord (SCS - Spinal Cord Stimulation), dorsal root ganglia (DRGS - Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation), and motor cortex (MCS - Motor Cortex Stimulation). The study aims to explore the use of neuromodulation for pain relief in patients experiencing pain due to upper or lower limb amputation.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Amputation of the upper limb at the level of the forearm or upper arm, or amputation of the lower limb at the level of the lower leg or thigh.
• Age between 18 and 65 years.
• Duration since amputation is at least 6 months.
• Presence of persistent chronic pain syndrome rated between 4 and 10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
• Absence of pregnancy at the time of implantation, confirmed by a pregnancy test (for female participants only).
• Signed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Presence of severe somatic pathology that hinders surgical treatment and participation in the study.
• Presence of psychiatric disorders (including a history of), severe depression, suicidal tendencies, or a history of suicide attempts.
• Presence of severe orthopedic deformity in the limb above the level of amputation.
• History of cancer.
• History of epilepsy.
• Complicated traumatic brain injury (TBI) or a history of stroke.
• Inability to undergo electrostimulation due to other somatic pathology.
• Purulent-septic pathology.
• Drug addiction (including a history of).
• Congenital anomaly of upper limb development.
• Anomalies in the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems.