Description

Periodontitis is an infectious disease of bacterial origin that leads to a slow and progressive loss of periodontal attachment, resulting in the destruction of supporting tissues and the formation of periodontal pockets. These pockets can be classified as suprabony or intrabony, with the latter being those where the bottom of the pocket is apical to the level of the adjacent alveolar bone and the bone loss presents a vertical pattern. Intraosseous defects affect 36% of periodontal patients and are particularly challenging to treat due to their association with greater loss of periodontal support, increased clinical attachment loss, deeper probing depths, greater tooth mobility, and functional consequences for the patient; thus, they have a less favorable prognosis and response to non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Lang et al. established that periodontal defects can be successfully treated with non-surgical therapy, limiting additional surgical interventions to sites with an initial probing depth of 6 mm or more, or to advanced periodontal lesions that, after a successful etiological phase, still retain residual pockets ≥ 6 mm. Given this, surgical periodontal therapy becomes a therapeutic alternative for intraosseous defects associated with advanced periodontal destruction, aiming to reduce tooth loss over time, recover lost periodontal support, and improve patient's quality of life.

Different surgical alternatives have been developed to enhance short- and long-term clinical outcomes in teeth with infrabony defects and reduced periodontal support. If the contour of the existing bone and the number of remaining bony walls are favorable, regenerative surgical therapy could successfully regenerate bone up to the level of the alveolar crest. The use of materials such as a demineralized allogeneic bone matrix in guided tissue regeneration has shown to achieve reductions in probing depths, gains in clinical attachment level, and filling of treated defects compared to defect instrumentation through open flap debridement.

However, these treatment modalities are sensitive to technique, and their outcomes depend on various factors including patient-dependent factors such as plaque control and smoking habits; site-specific factors, such as defect morphology; and factors inherent to the surgical techniques employed. Consequently, the failure of conventional surgical techniques, such as early exposure of the regenerated area, has been reported in the scientific literature and is even more frequent with the use of membranes and bone substitutes.

In light of this, innovations in flap design and soft tissue management have reduced failures associated with early wound closure. Surgical techniques such as simplified papilla flap and modified techniques, minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST), and modified minimally invasive surgical technique (M-MIST) have been designed to protect the regeneration site and facilitate the stability of the blood clot.

Recently, the complete papilla preservation technique has been proposed for treating intraosseous defects through regeneration, with a surgical approach designed to fully preserve the integrity of the interdental papilla, thus achieving an optimal environment for wound healing. Full access to the defect is achieved through a tunnel incision with vertical release and the elevation of a short flap on the contralateral side of the tooth associated with the defect. Then, enamel matrix derivatives and bone substitutes are applied to the defect to promote periodontal regeneration at the site. Although the evidence supporting the success of this technique is limited, in 2020 Aslan et al. compared the outcomes of using this technique with and without biomaterials for filling the defect. They reported no statistically significant differences in clinical attachment gain, probing depth reduction, or increase in gingival recession between the groups treated with the complete preservation technique and filling material or with the technique alone, respectively. They concluded that the use of this technique with and without regeneration materials resulted in improvements in the clinical and radiographic parameters of the treated defects.

The search for different materials with regenerative potential has led to the use of L-PRF (leukocyte and platelet rich fibrin), an autologous platelet-rich fibrin and leukocyte concentrate derived from blood that stimulates, enhances, and accelerates healing through a centrifugation process. The growth factors present in the concentrates, along with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecules, actively participate in the stimulation of processes associated with tissue and bone repair and regeneration. Due to its high content of fibrin, platelets, leukocytes, monocytes, and stem cells, L-PRF regulates the immune response by controlling inflammation, with a continuous release of growth factors and an analgesic effect, providing greater postoperative comfort to the patient. Additionally, being an autologous product significantly reduces the risk of infection or rejection by the patient. Due to its beneficial biological effects, low costs, and ease of preparation, it is widely used in the periodontal surgical field.

One of the goals of treating infrabony defects is the regeneration of soft and hard tissues, which is why using a complete papilla preservation surgical technique along with L-PRF as a biomaterial is a minimally invasive alternative to achieve this. The properties of L-PRF mentioned above will improve the biological conditions of the site and reduce postoperative complications, making its use in regenerative periodontal therapy worthy of deeper investigation. This is even more relevant given the lack of studies reporting the use of L-PRF associated with this surgical technique.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of using a papilla preservation technique for the treatment of interproximal infrabony periodontal defects, with and without the additional use of L-PRF, concerning clinical and radiographic parameters. Its importance is based on the need in the field of periodontology to find minimally invasive, effective, and low-cost surgical techniques with the least amount of postoperative complications that allow for the treatment of infrabony defects in teeth affected by severe periodontitis, a growing public health issue. Improvements in clinical parameters through this procedure will translate into a greater likelihood of long-term tooth retention and an improvement in the patient's quality of life.

In order to achieve this, the following research question will be addressed: What is the efficacy of LPR-F in conjunction with a complete papilla preservation (EPP) technique for the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects in CESA patients in terms of clinical and radiographic periodontal parameters in comparison with the same technique, but without the use of L-PRF? All patients diagnosed with periodontal disease (loss of interproximal clinical attachment loss in 2 non-adjacent teeth or clinical attachment loss of ≥3mm associated with a probing depth of 3 mm in two or more teeth) will be included, who after re-evaluation 6 weeks after non-surgical periodontal therapy presented residual probing depths equal to or greater than 6 mm associated with interproximal intrabony periodontal defects of at least 2 walls, with a depth ≥ 3 mm and an angulation ≤ 40º determined on a periapical radiograph. Patients with underlying untreated pathologies such as diabetes and hypertension, patients taking medications that interfere with the healing process such as bisphosphonates, diseases that alter bone metabolism such as osteoporosis, and pregnant or breastfeeding women will be excluded. 30 patients (30 defects) will be randomly allocated into an interventional group for the treatment of the infrabony defect. One group will be treated with an EPP technique using L-PRF as the defect filling material and the other group will be treated with the same technique, but with no biomaterial to fill the defect.

The clinical parameters that will be evaluated in each group will be: O'Leary Bacterial Plaque Index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival margin position (GMP), distance from the interproximal contact point to the papilla tip (PP), papilla width (PW), and keratinized gingiva width (KW). These parameters will be measured before the surgical procedure and 6 months after surgery.

The radiographic measurements will be obtained by calibrated operators and will be analyzed in all subjects from a CBCT performed before surgical treatment and 6 months postoperatively. The infrabony component of the defect (INFRA) will be measured, allowing the calculation of the defect filling percentage after surgery (%DF). Additionally, measurements of the mesiodistal width (M-D) and buccal-palatal/lingual width (B-P/L) will be obtained. Researchers will evaluate clinical and radiographic parameters at baseline and 6 months post-surgery. Patients will report their level of pain 24 hours and 7 days after surgery.

The relevance of the present study is based on the need in the field of periodontics to find minimally invasive, effective and low-cost surgical techniques with the least amount of post-surgical complications that will successfully treat infrabony defects of teeth affected by severe periodontitis, a growing public health issue. Improvements in clinical parameters through this procedure will result in a greater likelihood of long-term tooth retention and an improvement in quality of life for the patient.