Description

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common knee injuries especially in the age range 20 to 29 years. It is commonly seen during sport activities including jumping, pivoting or during contact with the other players (Khalil et al., 2023).

Quadriceps and hamstrings muscle weakness and atrophy are commonly seen after Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) mainly due to weight bearing limitation in the early stage of rehabilitation (Barber-Westin and Noyes 2019 and Hughes et al., 2019). Recent rehabilitation protocols focused on range of motion (ROM) exercises and increased muscle activation in the early post-operative phase to minimize complications such as joint stiffness and muscle weakness (Myer et al., 2006 and Patterson et al., 2019a).

It is recommended by the American College of Sports Medicine to use 60% to 70% of one repetition maximum (1 RM) to increase muscle strength and 70% to 80% of 1 RM to increase muscle size. However, using these percentage of loads in the early post-operative phase after ACLR may not be applicable (Barber-Westin and Noyes 2019). Therefore, therapists considered it is necessary to find a safe exercise protocol designed to increase muscle strength and mass to be used in the early post-operative phase. One of these protocols is the blood flow restriction training (BFRT) (Patterson et al., 2019a).

The BFRT is a technique that restricts arterial and venous circulation in the working muscles during exercise (Scott et al., 2015). This technique uses a pneumatic tourniquet system that applies external pressure to the most proximal part of the arm or the thigh. Cuff inflation causes compression on the vascular structures under the cuff leading to occlusion of the venous return and restriction of the arterial blood flow to the distal part of the limb. This intentionally induced ischemic environment results in a state of hypoxia within the distal muscles (Manini and Clark 2009). In such environment, muscle strength and hypertrophy can be reached by smaller external loads such as 20% or 30% of 1RM (Loenneke et al., 2012a). This makes the BFRT applicable in the early post-operative phase of rehabilitation without stressing the knee joint, thus protecting the graft and minimizing the risk of increasing any associated injuries in cartilage or meniscus (Loenneke et al., 2012b and Arve et al., 2020).

The BFRT is beneficial for many groups such as geriatrics and those with degenerative joint diseases, ligamentous injury and inflammatory diseases (Hughes et al., 2017). Early BFRT research designs used general measures to calculate cuff pressures, such as setting pressure relative to systolic blood pressure, thigh circumference, or random pressures which is probably inaccurate especially with change in limb circumference or body position (Takano et al., 2005 and Loenneke et al., 2015). A study performed by (Khalil et al., 2023) used the portable doppler ultrasound device to calculate limb occlusion pressure (LOP) of dorsalis pedis artery while manually inflating the restriction cuff. This procedure is operator dependent and may lead to some errors, especially in determining the exact location of the artery.

Recent research recommends the use of individualized BFRT where the percentage of occlusion of the vascular structures is determined automatically for each individual separately (Scott et al., 2015).

Previous studies concluded that BFRT after ACLR was effective in improving knee extension and flexion torques, pain, and balance (Spada et al., 2022, Bobes et al., 2020 and Jung et al., 2022) A recent systematic review performed by (Colapietro et al., 2023) found that limited studies included functional testing of the knee joint after BFRT which will be covered in this study using the latest wireless version of AirBands produced by VALD performance company which possesses the ability to automatically calculate LOP for each participant alone as recommended by the guidelines of Australian Institute of Sport.

Up to the authors' knowledge, there was no study has investigated the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) using 80% of LOP combined with the conventional physical therapy program on knee function and balance compared to the conventional physical therapy program alone after ACLR.