Overview
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are:
- Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio?
- Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal?
Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question.
Participants will:
- spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter)
- consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- healthy males and females
- Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2
- low to medium habitual physical activity
- women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Exclusion Criteria:
- smoking (cigarettes + cannabis)
- chronic illnesses
- regular intake of medication
- Anemia and/or iron deficiency
- food allergies / intolerances
- vegans
- regular high physical activity (exercise >1 hour/d)
- current weight loss diet / weight loss of >5 kg in the last 3 months
- restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985))
- active participation in another trial
- pregnant / lactating women
- persons incapable of giving informed legal consent