Overview
As the third global leading cause of death, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects more than 300 million people worldwide. These patients suffer from 0.5-3.5 exacerbations per year on average. Each exacerbations dampened their health status as well as quality of life, not to mention a great burden to our healthcare system. Those partially treated or prolonged exacerbations would subsequently lead to unfavorable disease progression. Hence a holistic approach in managing each exacerbations is very crucial.
Mucus hypersecretion in COPD patients plays a pivotal role in acute exacerbations and associated with unfavorable outcomes. These exacerbations comes with sputum increment as much as its purulence. Mucolytics are believed to to ease patient to expectorate and benefits them from tip into an exacerbations or even the consequent hospitalisation.
Mucolytics work by reducing sputum viscosity hence improved its expectoration. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, commonly used in practice among COPD patients. Meanwhile, Syrup Prospan is ivy leaf preparations, obtained as extracts from leaves of the plant Hedera helix L. It is widely used over-the-counter cough remedy containing saponins which are believed to have expectorant properties. Studies show evidence of antispasmodic, bonchodilating, anti-inflammatory and antitussive properties and its usage is authorised by the European Medicines Agency .
Description
Hypothesis
- Syrup Prospan is non inferior to NAC - no significant difference of cough symptoms and its impact on daily activities, health related quality of life, as well as lung function test at 30 days of treatment
- Patients received Syrup Prospan has higher satisfaction score compared to N-Acetylcysteine
This is a randomised, open label, interventional study evaluating the efficacy and safety of dry powder Ivy Extract (Syrup Prospan) versus NAC among COPD patients. Randomization 1:1 to received either N.Acetylcysteine 600 mg BD or Syrup Prospan 7.5mls BD (Block randomization)
The study will be conducted from April 2024 to November 2026 This is a prospective interventional study conducted on COPD patients under the Respiratory Unit, Department of Internal Medicine in HCTM, who qualified both the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients will be briefed about this study.
Subsequently, consent will be obtained from those who are agree to participate from the patient him/herself.
Participants' will be assessed first with several modalities particularly spirometry, CAT score, McGill COPD Quality of Life and Cough and Sputum Assessment Questionnaire (CASA-Q) prior to the commencement of treatment.Participants will be seen on Day 15 to evaluate patients' adherence, compliance as well as adverse effect. Then patients will be assessed again on Day 30 of treatment with the same set of evaluation tools as in the beginning of the study.
In order to calculate the required sample size, we will employ the Cohen's d formula for estimating the effect size (Cohen, 1988) [19]. The formula is given as
Where d is the Cohen's effect size, M1 and M2 are the mean for the first and second group, and SD1 and SD2 are the standard deviation for the first and second group respectively.
Based on a previous study which employs the CAT score to assess the efficacy of NAC in patients with COPD, the mean and standard deviation for before and after treatment are given as:
Before treatment: 23.46 ± 3.66 After treatment: 20.38 ± 5.78
Hence, this give the values of M1 = 23.46 and M2 = 20.38, and SD1 =3.66 and SD2 = 5.78 that can use to estimate the effect size using the formula above.
Therefore, it gives an estimated effect size of 0.637 which is considered to be a medium effect size.
With a power of 80% and a level of significance of 5% for detecting an effect size of 0.637, we calculate the required sample size using an online sample size calculator for comparing paired differences. It gives at a value of 23 participants for each group which mean the required number of participants is 46.
Additional of 20% samples is recruited to avoid missing data due to withdrawal or drop out. Therefore, a total of minimum 55 patients will be recruited for this study. However, we aim to recruit 100 patients for our study where the treatment is given to equal number of participants in each group.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Participants with documented post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 70 or <LLN
- Age 40 years and above
- Able to perform spirometry
- Participant with Stable COPD based on GOLD 2023 strategy
Exclusion Criteria:
- Diagnosis of other chronic lung diseases: Asthma, Asthma-COPD Overlap, Interstitial Lung Disease, Bronchiectasis, Lung Cancer
- Participants with contraindication for spirometry: recent cardiac complications, major surgery, severe advanced respiratory disease, or those with cognitively or neurologically impairment
- Hypersensitivity to acetylcysteine or any component of the formulation
- Hypersensitivity to dry powder ivy extract
- Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women, where pregnancy is defined as the state of a female after conception and until the termination of gestation, confirmed by a positive hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) laboratory test
- Participant on pre-existing regular mucolytics (at least 1 month prior)
- Illiterate participants