Description

investigators propose a randomized double-blind study comparing the use of intraoperative dexmedetomidine (Group D) for analgesic purposes with the use of intraoperative remifentanil (Group R) in patients undergoing ESP block for spinal surgery.

The clinic's routine anesthesia protocol will be applied to the patient. Anesthesia will not be interfered with.

Group 1: Dexmedetomidine infusion will be administered for intraoperative analgesia Group 2: Remifentanil infusion will be administered for intraoperative analgesia Routine anesthesia protocol in our clinic: patient is induced with fentanyl 1μg/kg IV and propofol 1.5 to 2 mg/kg IV, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg IV. After putting the patients to sleep, ESP block is applied to the patients for postoperative pain management.

The peroperative analgesia plan will be applied the same to all patients. In this protocol, intravenous paracetamol was determined as 1 g and tramadol was determined as 1 mg/kg. Then it is paracetamol every eight hours and tramadol from PCA.

At the end of the operation, patients' pain levels will be determined and recorded with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) system at 4-hour intervals in the first 24 hours postoperatively.

Demographic data to be obtained will include height (cm), weight (kg), age (years), gender, physical condition (ASA) and specific procedure type will be recorded. Patients will be asked about tobacco, alcohol use and drug use. They will also be asked about their medical history, including lung disease, kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, chronic pain conditions, previous surgery or stent placement, and medications. Current preoperative laboratory tests and medication list will be recorded. Preoperative pain scores, NRS, and opioid use will be recorded. Pain levels will be determined and recorded using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) system during the first 24 hours postoperatively. Additionally, opioid consumption will be evaluated from the PCA device used postoperatively. Patients excluded for any reason, including technical considerations or contraindications, will be enrolled.

How much intraoperative bleeding occurred, how much blood and blood products were transfused to the patient, and the duration of surgery will be recorded.

F. DATA ANALYSIS Statistical analyzes will be performed using SPSS. Before statistical testing, each continuous variable will be analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine whether it has a normal distribution. Continuous data are described as mean (SD) or median (25% and 75% percentiles) and will be analyzed by independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. Categorical data were described as frequency or percentage and will be analyzed using the chi-square test. One-way ANOVA with multiple comparison test will be used for comparison between groups. For periods between first PCA triggers, data will be analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival method and compare groups using the log-rank test. Results will be expressed as mean ± SD or absolute number, and a P value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

G. NUMBER OF SAMPLES Shobana Rajan et al. Based on their study, investigators calculated a sample size of 37 patients per group by setting alfa equal to 0.005 and beta equal to 0.8.