Overview
In patients with ESRD, up to 20% of patients suffer from HFrEF, leading to significant CV morbidity and mortality. Several drug classes that provide survival benefits for patients with HFrEF, including SGLT2i, lack data regarding their efficacy and safety in patients under chronic hemodialysis. As the primary target of SGLT2i is expressed mostly in the kidneys, the efficacy of SGLT2i in patients with ESRD may be limited. On the other hand, patients with ESRD are at higher risks of experiencing cardiovascular events and may still benefit from treatment. Several mechanistic studies have demonstrated direct actions of SGLT2i on the myocardium, thus it is possible that the benefits of SGLT2i on heart failure are independent of their glycosuric actions and may still be present in anuric subjects. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies on empagliflozin demonstrated that peak plasma levels of empagliflozin in subjects with renal failure/ESRD were similar to those in subjects with normal renal function. The use of empagliflozin in patients with ESRD seemed safe in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, yet its efficacy remains to be explored.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age ≥20 years old
- ESRD under chronic, maintenance hemodialysis with stable dry weight for the past 6 months
- Documented left ventricular ejection fraction <50% by any imaging modality within 1 month of screening
Exclusion Criteria:
- Age <20 years old
- Ongoing pregnancy
- NYHA class IV heart failure
- Any hospitalization for heart failure within the past month
- Ongoing acute urinary tract infection at the time of screening
- Known acute genital infection
- Severe peripheral artery disease (Rutherford category 4-6)
- Acute coronary syndrome, stroke or transient ischemic attack within the past month
- Recent initiation of chronic maintenance hemodialysis within 6 months
- Adjustment of dry weight with changes greater than 5% of body weight within the past month
- Documented left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% by any imaging modality within 1 month of screening
- Refused informed consent