Overview

This randomized controlled trial will examine the effects of mindfulness-based interventions and brain stimulation interventions on cognitive function and psychological well-being in older adults. The study will employ a comprehensive assessment approach incorporating psychological evaluations, behavioral assessments, psychophysiological measurements, and neuroimaging analyses to characterize the outcome of nonpharmaceutical interventions in improving geriatric well-being or reducing depression severity.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria for individuals participating in mindfulness-based Interventions:

• Literate or have received an education above the elementary level.
• Have normal or corrected vision and hearing, able to communicate and understand explanations.
• Right-handed individuals as assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.

Exclusion Criteria for individuals participating in mindfulness-based Interventions:

• Individuals with dementia, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, brain injury, epilepsy, or Parkinson's disease.
• Individuals with neurological system disorders.
• Individuals with alcohol or drug dependence.
• Individuals with other major physical illnesses, such as diabetes, heart failure, or endocrine abnormalities, or those who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction within the past three months.
• Individuals with metal objects in the body that cannot undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as cardiac pacemakers, vascular clips, hearing aids, artificial joints, steel pins, etc.
• Individuals with Claustrophobia.
• Individuals in pregnancy or possibility of pregnancy.

Inclusion Criteria for individuals participating in brain stimulation Intervention:

• Individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder by psychiatrists according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, and who can cooperate with the psychiatric outpatient clinic regulations.
• Literate or have received an education above the elementary level.
• Have normal or corrected vision and hearing, able to communicate and understand explanations.
• Right-handed individuals as assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory.
• Individuals are prescribed brain stimulation therapy by clinical physicians.

Exclusion Criteria for individuals participating in brain stimulation Intervention:

• Individuals with dementia, stroke, cerebrovascular disease, brain injury, epilepsy, or Parkinson's disease.
• Individuals with neurological system disorders.
• Individuals with alcohol or drug dependence.
• Individuals with other major physical illnesses, such as diabetes, heart failure, or endocrine abnormalities, or those who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction within the past three months.
• Individuals with metal objects in the body that cannot undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), such as cardiac pacemakers, vascular clips, hearing aids, artificial joints, steel pins, etc.
• Individuals with Claustrophobia.
• Individuals in pregnancy or possibility of pregnancy.