Description

Atrophic maxilla or mandible can lead to lack of prosthesis retention because of an inadequate bearing area causing both functional and physiological problems for patient, these problems can be treated for patient satisfaction with an implant supported fixed or removable complete or partial denture (1).

The use of implants to retain a mandibular over denture has been recommended as the first treatment choice for the edentulous mandible. From the available evidence; it shows that this treatment leads to a great improvement in both clinical function and patient's reported outcomes when compared to conventional complete dentures (2).

Clinical studies have reported that dental implants in the mandible have higher survival rates compared to those in the maxilla, having thinner cortical bone combined with thicker trabecular bone compared to the mandible (3). In contrast to the previous studies, additional studies in the posterior mandible showed high failure rates due to the poor bone quality as well as other additional factors (3-4).

The osseointegration process leads to new bone apposition on the implant surface and allows reaching the implant secondary stability that is the functional contact between living bone and titanium dental implant (4).

Primary implant stability is affected by both the quality and the quantity of bone of the osteotomy site. Hence, a precise evaluation of bone structure is essential before implant placement implant (5). The term bone quality depends on bone density, bone vascularity, bone metabolism and other factors that may affect implant outcome. Many authors describe bone density as being equivalent to bone quality. This includes physiological and structural parts and the degree of bone tissue mineralization (4-5).

2 Successful dental implant placement requires sufficient amount of bone thickness covering the implant so that primary stability is achieved, which is an important requirement for long term success of the implant (2, 6).

Primary implant stability is defined as the biomechanical stability upon implant insertion, being influenced by numerous factors, such as: bone quantity and quality, the geometric design of the implant, surgical technique, and insertion torque. From this stability, new bone develops around the surface of the implant, constituting a biological fixation named secondary implant stability (7, 8).

The longevity of any implant prosthesis depends on successful osseointegration and implant stability. Consistent osteotomies and densification are important to implant primary stability and to early loading (9, 10).

Unlike traditional bone drilling technologies, osseodensification does not excavate bone tissue. Rather, it preserves bone bulk, so bone tissue is simultaneously compacted and autografted in an outwardly expanding direction to form the osteotomy (11, 12). It creates a densified layer of surrounding bone through compaction autografting while simultaneously plastically expanding the bony ridge at the same time (13, 14,15).

The new burs allow bone preservation and condensation through compaction autografting during osteotomy preparation, increasing the peri-implant bone density (%BV), and the implant mechanical stability (16). .

Osseous densification was shown to increase the insertion and removal torques of the implants compared to standard drilling and extraction drilling. This demonstrates increased implant primary biomechanical stability (17).

3 Osseodensification had a direct impact on increasing the values of peak insertion torques of the implants compared to cutting drilling which indicates enhancement of initial stability of implant fixture (18).