Overview

The goal of this open-label, single-arm phase I/II clinical trial is to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and anti-tumor efficacy of the autologous neoantigen-specific T-cell therapy (iNeo-Vac-T01) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who have failed second-line or later systemic therapies.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18 to 75 years (inclusive)
2. Histologically confirmed advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with:
3. Radiologically measurable disease per RECIST v1.1
4. Documented progression on ≥2 prior lines of systemic therapy 3.Life expectancy ≥6 months 4.ECOG performance status 0 or 1 5.Available archival or fresh tumor tissue sufficient for comprehensive genomic profiling OR existing whole-genome sequencing (WGS), whole-exome sequencing (WES), or RNA-sequencing data meeting prespecified quality thresholds 6.Adequate organ and marrow function:

(1)Hematologic:

1. White blood cell count (WBC) ≥3.0 × 10⁹/L
2. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1.5 × 10⁹/L
3. Hemoglobin ≥9.0 g/dL (≥5.6 mmol/L)
4. Platelet count ≥100 × 10⁹/L (2)Hepatic:

a.Total bilirubin ≤1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN) (≤3 × ULN if liver metastases present) b.Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤3 × ULN (≤5 × ULN if liver metastases present) (3)Renal:

1. Serum creatinine ≤1.5 × ULN OR
2. Calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≥50 mL/min (Cockcroft-Gault formula) (4)Coagulation:
3. International normalized ratio (INR) or prothrombin time (PT) ≤1.5 × ULN AND activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤1.5 × ULN (unless receiving therapeutic anticoagulation with stable INR/PT/aPTT within target range) 7.Reproductive Status:
   1. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP): Negative serum pregnancy test within 7 days prior to treatment initiation AND agreement to use highly effective contraception during study participation and for ≥120 days after last study intervention
   2. Men: Agreement to use barrier contraception during study participation and for ≥120 days after last study intervention 8.Willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plans, laboratory tests, and other study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

1.History of other active malignancies within the past 5 years, except:

1. Adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer
2. Carcinoma in situ of the cervix
3. Other malignancies considered cured with minimal risk of recurrence (e.g., localized thyroid cancer) 2.Failure to identify therapeutically targetable neoantigens via genomic analysis 3.Prior allogeneic bone marrow, solid organ, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 4.Active or symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) metastases except:

     (1)Previously treated CNS metastases that are radiologically stable (no evidence of
     progression) for ≥4 weeks and (2)Asymptomatic and off corticosteroid/anticonvulsant
     therapy for ≥4 weeks prior to enrollment (3)Note: Leptomeningeal disease is excluded
     regardless of stability or treatment status.
     5.Active bacterial, fungal, or mycobacterial infection requiring systemic therapy
     (including untreated latent tuberculosis) 6.Active viral infections meeting any of
     the following:
       1. Detectable HBV DNA (if HBsAg positive or HBcAb positive)
       2. Detectable HCV RNA
       3. HIV infection (serologically confirmed)
       4. Active syphilis infection (serologically confirmed) 7.Active autoimmune disease
          requiring systemic immunosuppressive therapy (>10 mg prednisone equivalent
          daily) within the past 2 years, except:

1. Vitiligo
2. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
3. Hypothyroidism stable on hormone replacement
4. Psoriasis not requiring systemic therapy 8.Systemic immunosuppressive therapy (>10 mg prednisone equivalent per day) within 14 days prior to planned cell infusion (topical, inhaled, or ophthalmic corticosteroids are permitted) 9.Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to:

     (1)New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV congestive heart failure
     (2)Unstable angina pectoris (3)Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia (4)Uncontrolled
     hypertension (≥160/100 mmHg despite medication) (5)Clinically significant pulmonary
     disease 10.History of substance abuse or psychiatric/social condition that would
     impair ability to provide informed consent or comply with study requirements
     11.History of severe (Grade ≥3) hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine components or
     investigational products, or any condition deemed by the investigator to pose an
     unacceptable risk for immunotherapy 12.Any condition that, in the opinion of the
     Investigator, would compromise patient safety or interfere with study participation
     or interpretation of results