Overview
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between treatment outcomes and central sensitization levels in patients who received intra-articular injections for frozen shoulder.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Being between 18 and 75 years of age
- More than one-third of the active and passive movement of the painful shoulder is limited in two or more planes
- Having pain and limited movement in the shoulder for 3-12 months
Exclusion Criteria:
- Having bilateral shoulder pain
- Patients with incomplete study data
- Having cervical radiculopathy
- Having a predominant central sensitization syndrome (such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome)
- Patients taking antidepressants or anticonvulsants that may affect central sensitization
- Having a history of rheumatological disease
- Having a history of active malignancy
- Patients receiving treatment for active psychiatric disorders
- Having a history of trauma and/or surgery in the same shoulder region
- Patients who received local shoulder injections and/or physical therapy within the last 3 months
- Patients with calcific tendonitis, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, or acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis on plain radiographs
- Having a full-thickness rotator cuff tear on shoulder ultrasound