Description

OBJECTIVES, SPECIFIC AIMS, BACKGROUND Vaginal bleeding causes significant dysphoria in many transgender men. The goal of hysterectomy for many patients is to eliminate the risk of bleeding, but the initial postoperative period often involves postoperative spotting and bleeding for patients, worsening the dysphoria around the time of surgery. Some patients have significant vaginal atrophy secondary to testosterone use, which is likely exacerbating this issue. Unfortunately, application of vaginal estrogen is messy and can worsen dysphoria symptoms for transgender individuals, making it not ideal for home use in the pre and postoperative periods.

Postoperative bleeding often prompts contacts with the health care system, especially when patients are experiencing dysphoria. These health system contacts are costly to patients, providers, and clinics particularly when the bleeding does not require intervention. Therefore, the investigators propose to pilot a trial of immediate postoperative intravaginal estrogen to prevent postoperative bleeding and decrease resulting health system contacts.

This pilot study will help to inform current practices about a novel process to decrease postoperative bleeding and dysphoria. This will help determine whether a simple intraoperative medication administration can improve the postoperative experience for patients and should help contribute data to guide future research in a patient population that has been under studied.

SIGNIFICANCE Bleeding related dysphoria is a common occurrence for many transmasculine individuals. A recent study of transgender adolescents demonstrated 93% had increased gender dysphoria or distress related to menses with many seeking care for menstrual management to achieve amenorrhea. (Schwartz 2022) Many patients achieve amenorrhea with initiation of testosterone and transgender patients are typically maintained on testosterone therapy for at least 6 months prior to gender affirming hysterectomy. Postoperative bleeding after hysterectomy, even in a well counseled patient, can be a dysphoric experience to manage in the postoperative period and impact patient satisfaction.

A recent study examined incidence and management of postoperative bleeding after gender affirming hysterectomy (GAH) which showed over 52% of the cohort called the clinic to report postoperative vaginal bleeding concerns. (Cipres 2023) Results showed that 88% had spotting or light bleeding requiring 1-2 pads per day in the first week after surgery. Patients who had had preoperative menstrual suppression had a higher (60%) frequency of postoperative bleeding concerns. Examinations revealed atrophy and granulation tissue as the source of bleeding. The authors hypothesize this was due to impaired tissue healing from the exogenous testosterone resulting in tissue friability and granulation tissue. (Cipres 2023) As vaginal bleeding could worsen gender dysphoria, these findings support the need for patient counseling on postoperative bleeding expectations and identification of interventions to reduce vaginal bleeding after GAH. Another recent retrospective study also demonstrated a higher rate of vaginal laceration during GAH compared to cisgender cohort (90% vs. 4.6%), along with increased use of electronic medical record (EMR) messages or calls for vaginal bleeding (27 vs 15%). (Pando 2024)

Cytopathology studies of hysterectomy and cervicovaginal specimens of patients on testosterone support the conclusion that testosterone exposure can induce histologic changes in the squamous epithelium of the cervix and vagina. (Khalifa 2019) While it is not proven if these changes impact wound healing, it may play a role in the healing process. Research investigating incidence of vaginal cuff dehiscence in GAH mostly demonstrates mixed results however one small study demonstrated that transgender individuals on testosterone may be at increased risk of cuff dehiscence. The authors hypothesize that changes in the vaginal epithelium may lead to poor wound healing which increases cuff dehiscence rates. (O'Connor 2023) Cuff dehiscence is a rare complication of laparoscopic hysterectomy which is why the focus of this study to examine patient reported quality of life measures after surgery.

Rahn et al. demonstrated that preoperative vaginal estrogen application for 6 weeks prior to vaginal surgery in women led to increased synthesis of mature collagen, decreased degradative enzyme activity and increased thickness of vaginal wall when looking at apical wall biopsies. This suggests that topical estrogen improves the substrate for suture placement at the time of surgery. (Rahn 2014) Additional studies demonstrated improved tissue quality markers postoperatively with administration of vaginal estrogen ring after pelvic reconstructive surgery. (Karp 2012) Finally, a recent study examined surgical outcomes after native tissue apical prolapse repair with perioperative estrogen versus placebo did not show reduced postoperative prolapse at 12 months but did show benefit of estrogen for reducing atrophy-related symptoms in the postoperative period. (Rahn 2023) Considering this, it is possible that postoperative vaginal estrogen could improve vaginal healing in patients using testosterone prior to their GAH and help reduce vaginal bleeding postoperatively.

Postoperative estrogen has limited data in gender diverse populations but presents as promising measure for decreasing postoperative dysphoria among transgender men.

Currently topical estrogen is given at the discretion of the surgeon in the postoperative period in transgender men. Patients are typically chosen if it appears that they have increased atrophy or small lacerations during surgery and estrogen cream is applied in the operating room. There are no evidence-based protocols to inform this decision or support the use of estrogen in this population. However, there is evidence demonstrating transgender patients have higher rates of clinic communication due to bleeding concerns. We aim to examine if a simple intraoperative application of estrogen will decrease postoperative bleeding and subsequent dysphoria. This study will contribute to the current literature and help to inform a future multicenter trial to address perioperative experiences for transgender individuals undergoing gender affirming hysterectomy.