Description

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease (CTD) characterized by diffuse cutaneous sclerosis of skin and organs, small vessel vasculopathy and immune system dysregulation associated with the production of autoantibodies.

Although small vessel vasculopathy can be considered a hallmark of this disease, large vessels can also be involved. Accordingly, involvement of medium vessels such as the ulnar artery has been evaluated in the literature, with results showing how ulnar artery occlusion (UAO) could be considered as a severity marker of vasculopathy as well as a predictive marker of digital ulcers (DUs), which are typically more frequent in patients with limited cutaneous (lc) SSc.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most frequently involved organs, affecting the majority (75-90%) of SSc patients.

GI involvement is often largely asymptomatic because it is frequently subclinical until severe tissue damage occurs. Once symptoms occur, SSc-related GI involvement heavily impacts morbidity and mortality, with patients experiencing significant emotional and social burdens and decreased survival in severe cases.

Unfortunately, the diagnosis of GI involvement is challenging because it is often delayed by the paucity of signs and symptoms early in the disease. Moreover, several diagnostic investigations that are useful in defning GI involvement are either invasive, expensive or not very informative.

Understanding the etiology and early phases of GI involvement, therefore, remains a high priority in SSc research. The aim would be to identify patients at high risk of developing progressive GI involvement, monitor disease activity, in the vessels or other relevant tissues, and intervene before the development of signifcant damage/dysfunction.

Bandini et al. showed how potentially the splanchnic vessels in SSc may be non-invasively investigated with abdominal US and color Doppler US, showing that some morphological and functional US parameters of mesenteric arteries of SSc patients are different from healthy controls defining a "bowel vasculopathy".

Abdominal ultrasound (US) is a unique tool that allows for the noninvasive assessment of the vasculature and major parts of the GI tract, including extra-intestinal features and splanchnic vessels as well as peripheral vessels.