Description

First, for each patient enrolled the investigators will perform 1 inspiratory and 3 expiratory occlusions separated at least by 30 seconds at clinical PSV to measure respiratory mechanics (plateau pressure [Pplat] and respiratory system compliance [Crs] and elastance [Ers]) and inspiratory effort and drive (Pocc, P0.1, PMI) and Vt expressed in ml/Kg of predicted body weight.

Second, if PMI≥0 at baseline, the investigators will set Pressure Support (PS) so that positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) +PS (i.e. Peak pressure [Ppeak]) equals Pplat measured at baseline, in order to make PMI=0. If PMI<0 at baseline, the investigators will set PS so that PEEP+PS equals Pplat measured at baseline, then the investigators will perform an inspiratory occlusion and repeat the procedure until PMI=0. The PS level at which PMI=0 (PSPMI=0) and the corresponding breathing pattern (tial volume [Vt] and respiratory rate [RR]) will be used as reference for the study protocol. After 5 minutes at PSPMI=0 the investigators will perform 3 inspiratory and 3 expiratory occlusions separated at least by 30 seconds.

Third, each patient will undergo 3 steps of PS above (+2, +4, +6 cmH2O) and 3 below (-2, -4, -6 cmH2O) PSPMI=0 in a randomized order. Steps will be randomized using a simple sequence written within envelopes opened blindly by the investigators. Each step will last 5 minutes or less if poorly tolerated (see tolerance rules below). At the end of each step the investigators will perform 1 inspiratory occlusion and 3 expiratory occlusions. Each of the expiratory occlusion will be separated by 30 seconds in order to restore the patient's breathing pattern. The investigators will resume a 3-minutes clinical PS in between each step to minimize changes in PaCO2. If not yet comprised by the study steps each patient will undergo an adjunctive 5 minutes step at PS 0 (zero) cmH2O.

The study protocol will last approximately 60 minutes. The patient will be continuously monitored by a physician and a respiratory therapist.

At the end of the study, if different from clinically set PS, the investigators will propose clinicians to adjust the PS to target PMI>0 and a lung and diaphragm protective ventilation strategy following current literature. Data about PS setting at the end of the study will be recorded in the case report form.

Tolerance rules:

Protocol will be stopped if: heart rate >140 beats/min; increase in respiratory rate by 50% or more if not explained by ineffective effort; hypotension [systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg] or hypertension [systolic blood pressure >180 mmHg]; peripheral arterial oxygen saturation <90% for 5 minutes; excessive use of accessory respiratory muscles, diaphoresis, agitation, and the appearance of major abdominal or thoracic paradoxical movements. If apnea would appear at high PS levels (as described as overassistance), the PS will be decreased to the next lower level. PS will be set to not exceed a Ppeak of 30 cmH2O or a Vt of 12 mL/kg of predicted bodyweight