Description

Median thoracic incision is a common method in cardiac surgery for valve replacement, coronary artery bypass and large vessel reconstruction. This kind of surgery is generally more traumatic, with obvious pain stimulation and intense stress response. Compared with other types of surgery, thoracotomy often requires larger doses of opioid analgesics, but excessive use of perioperative opioids has significant adverse effects on postoperative recovery, including sedation, constipation, nausea, addiction and respiratory depression. In addition, improper management of perioperative acute pain during thoracotomy may turn into chronic pain, which will seriously affect patients' postoperative quality of life. For pain management in thoracotomy surgery, the previous practice was to use thoracic epidural continuous catheterization to perform intradural block, but due to the narrow vertebral space in the thoracic vertebrae, this technique is difficult to operate, and for cardiac surgery, individual heparinization requirements of extracorporeal circulation during the operation may greatly increase the possibility of epidural catheter hematoma. Other studies have shown that thoracic epidural block may further lead to sympathetic block, which increases the complexity of perioperative hemodynamic management and concerns the possibility of cerebrovascular accidents.

Transversus Thoracic Plane block (TTP) is a relatively new fascial plane block method. Ultrasound visualization guidance significantly improved the safety of transversus thoracic plane block, and precise injection of local anesthesia drugs could provide perfect analgesia for the anterior branches of the second to sixth intercostal nerves. At the same time, the dosage of other analgesic drugs including opioids can be reduced to reduce the occurrence of related complications [9, 10]. Compared with multimodal analgesia alone, transverse thoracic muscle plane block can significantly reduce postoperative opioid dose. Unlike paravertebral block, the target of the transverse thoracic plane block is the distal branch of the anterior spinal nerve, so there is no risk of sympathetic block, and the injection site is far from the foramen, and there is no risk of intraspinal block or general spinal anesthesia. In view of its high effectiveness and safety, it has been successfully applied in adults and children with median thoracotomy and achieved good perioperative analgesic effects. According to the literature, the transverse thoracic plane block can also be used for the analgesic management of sternal fracture, rib fracture, sternotomy, chronic pain, and the medial incision of breast surgery.

Long-acting amide local anesthetics have been used for surgical incision infiltration anesthesia and shoulder intermuscular groove regional block anesthesia. Although bupivacaine can meet the regional anesthesia requirements for most surgeries, bupivacaine is more likely to cause serious cardiotoxicity when given the same dose as ropivacaine. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine, commonly used local anesthetics for regional block, are similar in terms of sensory action, duration, and blocking effect, but Ropivacaine has greater sensory-motor selectivity, less central nervous system and cardiac toxicity, wider safe dose range, lower reinforcement effect, and longer motor block duration. Therefore, in the current domestic regional block anesthesia technology, the application of both in regional block is more extensive.

Liposomal bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug prepared by liposomal technology with slow-release characteristics. It has been reported that the action time of a single administration of bupivacaine liposomal is as high as 72 hours. The drug was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 2011 for postoperative pain management and in April 2018 for nerve block producing regional anesthesia. Compared with bupivacaine, most current research results suggest that the blocking effect of bupivacaine liposomes is not significantly superior to that of standard bupivacaine. However, other studies have suggested that bupivacaine liposomes have a significant advantage in reducing early postoperative opioid use. A non-inferior study of bupivacaine liposome and bupivacaine hydrochloride combined with bupivacaine hydrochloride intermuscular brachial plexus block in patients with total shoulder arthroplasty by Neil A Hanson et al. found that although there was a statistically significant reduction in opioid use on day 3 after surgery, However, the cumulative use of opioids in the bupivacaine hydrochloride group within 3 days after surgery did not show significant inferiority.