Description

INTRODUCTION

Beta-blockers (BB) remain a mainstay in the management of cardiac diseases due to a wide range of cardiovascular effects. Through the antagonism of beta-adrenergic stimuli, BB reduce heart rate, cardiac contractility, and left ventricular wall stress, with the latter mediated in part by the antihypertensive action of the drug class. Whilst first-generation BB, such as propranolol, block both β1 and β2 adrenoceptors, second-generation BB (e.g. metoprolol and atenolol) are selective for β1 adrenoceptors and thus avoid the side effects seen with unwanted β2 adrenoceptor blockade, making them ideal antianginal and antiarrhythmic drugs. Third-generation BB - namely carvedilol and nebivolol - exert an additional vasodilatory effect through α-adrenoreceptor blockade and increased nitric oxide (NO) production, respectively, making them effective choices in the management of heart failure and hypertension.

Most recently, BB have been recommended for the treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). CMD is an increasingly recognised pathology affecting patients both with and without coronary artery disease. Its treatment with drugs such as BB has been shown to improve both symptoms and quality of life, leading to its inclusion in the latest European and American guidelines.

Yet, whilst numerous studies have assessed the cardiovascular effects of beta-blockers, many have yielded discordant results regarding their effect on coronary function. Billinger et al. found that IV metoprolol was associated with a significant increase in hyperaemic flow as measured by intracoronary Doppler, with a corresponding decrease in total coronary resistance, among patients with epicardial disease. However, a later study by Togni et al. employing intracoronary Doppler before and after the administration of intracoronary nebivolol, reported a significant increase in coronary flow reserve (CFR) driven by a reduction in resting flow in patients without CAD, and an increase in maximal coronary flow in patients with CAD.

Studies employing nuclear imaging have also yielded inconsistent results. Böttcher et al. found that healthy volunteers who underwent 13N-ammonia PET at baseline and 1 hour after the administration of 50 mg of oral metoprolol exhibited a decrease in resting myocardial blood flow (MBF) in line with a corresponding decrease in cardiac work, but a significant increase in hyperaemic MBF. This ultimately resulted in an increase in CFR. Conversely, Koepfli et al. reported a significant decrease in resting myocardial blood flow but no significant change in hyperaemic MBF in 36 CAD patients who underwent 13N-ammonia PET before and after 12 weeks of oral metoprolol or carvedilol. Studies employing transthoracic Doppler have also reported discordant results.

Beyond the discordant results produced by many of these studies, there are several limitations associated with this work. First, no studies have employed a strict randomised, placebo-controlled design to isolate the true coronary effects of beta-blockers. Second, no studies have specifically explored the effect of BB on patients with ANOCA or CMD, an increasingly recognised patient group for which BB represent a guideline-recommended treatment. Third, there have been no studies that have specifically assessed the effect of BB on coronary microvascular function; by focusing on flow and CFR, a global coronary index that is not specific to the microvascular compartment, previous work has only assessed the effect of BB on overall coronary function without isolating their effect on the epicardial or microvascular compartments. Finally, none of these studies have employed continuous intracoronary thermodilution, a novel assessment modality that permits the precise and accurate measurement of absolute coronary flow and resistance in humans. This extensively validated technique permits the detailed assessment of the epicardial and microvascular compartments in isolation and has opened the door to previously inaccessible physiological studies.

GOAL OF THE STUDY

In the present study, continuous intracoronary thermodilution will be used to assess the cardiovascular effects of intravenous BB compared with a placebo control, with a focus on metrics of microvascular function, such as microvascular resistance and microvascular resistance reserve (MRR).

DESIGN

This is an investigator-initiated, prospective, double-blinded, randomised controlled study recruiting patients from a single centre undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography who are found to have angina and non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA). Patients will be randomised between intravenous BB and placebo.

OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY PROTOCOL

Given that this is a mechanistic trial aiming to elucidate the true cardiovascular effects of BB, all recruited patients will have any pre-existing BB therapy/other vasoactive medications stopped 24 hours before the protocol.

(i) Protocol

The following protocol will be performed:

1. Diagnostic angiography: ensure no vasodilatory medications are given e.g. nicardipine or nitrates
2. Baseline left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP): obtained using a standard pigtail catheter. Left ventricular angiography will not be performed.
3. Baseline continuous intracoronary thermodilution: performed to obtain both resting and hyperaemic pressure (Pd and Pa), volumetric blood flow (Q), and resistance measurements (R). These measurements require the use of a pressure/temperature guidewire and a dedicated infusion catheter. They are performed routinely in our clinical practice to evaluate microvascular function. The continuous intracoronary thermodilution technique is described in detail below (see paragraph 'Continuous thermodilution measurements').
4. Randomisation: following the measurement of baseline resting and hyperaemic values, the patient will be randomised to either IV metoprolol or placebo (IV 0.9% NaCl of equivalent volume) by the research nurse. The research nurse will administer the intervention with both physicians and the patient blinded to patient randomisation.
5. Repeat continuous intracoronary thermodilution: the same resting and hyperaemic measurements will be repeated 10 minutes after the administration of the intervention.

It is expected that the protocol, including the recording of both baseline and post-intervention values, will last ~15 minutes.

(ii) Randomisation Randomisation will be performed using the concealed envelope system by a dedicated study nurse in line with the pre-specified sample size calculation. Patients, operators, and all other clinical team members will be blinded to randomisation.

(iii) Measured parameters The following parameters will be recorded/calculated for rest and hyperaemic at both baseline as well as at 10 minutes after the administration of the intervention to capture the full effect of BB on both coronary and systemic haemodynamics.

• Absolute coronary blood flow (Q)
• Microvascular resistance (Rµ)
• Epicardial resistance (Repi)
• Total resistance (Rtot)
• Aortic pressure (Pa)
• Distal coronary pressure (Pd)
• Coronary flow reserve (CFR)
• Microvascular resistance reserve (MRR)
• Systolic pressure-time index (SPTI) i.e. area under the Pa curve.
• Buckberg index (estimate of myocardial perfusion) i.e. diastolic pressure-time index (i.e. time of coronary perfusion) divided by systolic pressure-time index (i.e. time of myocardial oxygen demand).