Overview
The aim of the present study is to assess the impact of short-term forearm immobilization on forearm muscle glucose uptake and amino acid net balance and kinetics in individuals with T2D compared with a control group with normoglycaemia.
Description
Participants with and without T2D will undergo 2 days of forearm immobilization as a model of local physical inactivity. Before, throughout, and after immobilization arteriovenous forearm balance measurements will be combined with a stable isotope tracer infusion to measure muscle glucose uptake and amino acid balance, uptake, and efflux.
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
- Males and females with or without diagnosed type 2 diabetes
- Use lifestyle changes, metformin, gliclazide, or a combination thereof as oral glucose-lowering treatments for T2D
- Aged 18-80 years at the time of signing informed consent
- 18.5 ≥ BMI ≤ 35 kg·m2
Exclusion criteria
- Type 1 or a genetic form of diabetes
- Any diagnosed cardiovascular (heart) disease or high blood pressure (≥160 mmHg systolic and/or ≥100 mmHg diastolic)
- Chronic use of any prescribed or over-the-counter pharmaceuticals (excluding oral contraceptives and contraceptive devices) that interact with muscle substrate metabolism (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
- Consumption of a low-carbohydrate diet
- Smoking or chewing tobacco
- Known anaemia
- Regular use of dietary protein and/or amino acid supplements (>3 times per week)
- Currently involved in a structured progressive resistance training program (>3 times per week)
- A personal or family history of thrombosis (clots)
- Any previous motor disorders or inborn errors in muscle and/or lipid metabolism
- History of kidney disease
- History of liver disease
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
- History of any drug or alcohol abuse in the past two years
- Claustrophobia
- Unable to give consent