Overview
Phacoemulsification is one of the most used surgical methods for cataract surgery today, and the surgeries are under the anesthetic and sedative to make it comfortable and safe for patients. The most important issue is which method is the best for reducing the patient's anxiety, pain, and discomfort during surgery. Previous studies have analyzed the impact of intravenous injection of sedative on the quality of phacoemulsification surgery; however, the impact of oral anti-anxiety drugs (XANAX) on cataract surgery has not been intensively studied. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of XANAX on satisfaction in cataract surgery. Oral sedation is more convenient and safer than intravenous sedation. Therefore, the investigators will further analyze whether patients using oral anti-anxiety drugs will have an improvement in the pain, anxiety, overall satisfaction, and side effects related to nausea and dizziness in the phacoemulsification surgery. This study will detailed record the patient's status in various aspects using questionnaire scales and scores. Through this research, the investigators will have the opportunity to comprehensively improve the surgical quality of cataract patients in a safe and convenient manner. The investigators plan to collect data from patients who participated in the study "Anxiety and surgery satisfaction for cataract patient with different state anxiety" (Research Ethics Committee Case No.: 202302067MINB) from October 2023 to August 2025, and plan to undergo phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery in their second eye with local anesthetic at the Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital. The sample size of 250 participants was determined based on the type of intervention, expected effect size, outcome variability, desired statistical significance, trial power, and experiences from similar studies. Vulnerable populations and those with any relevant contraindications will be excluded during the enrollment process. All medical records and surgical process data, including privacy-related information, will only be accessible to professional medical personnel for analysis. The focus of this study will be on intraoperative satisfaction, pain scores, relevant discomfort symptoms during the surgery, and postoperative anxiety assessment scales.
Description
BACKGROUNDS Nowadays, phacoemulsification for cataract treatment is the most common surgical procedure performed and anesthetics procedure has been shifted from retrobulbar or peribulbar anesthesia to topical anesthesia (TA). Phacoemulsification under TA proved to be a safe and low risk procedure with the incidence of adverse events requiring medical emergency team interventions to be 0.04%. However, it is not uncommon that patients can suffer from pain, anxiety and unpleasant visual sensation during this procedure. Complementary sedation has long been thought to alleviate the anxiety and pain of the patient during surgery with local anesthesia. Studies revealed that approximately one fourth of the patients underwent phacoemulsification under TA or retrobulbar anesthesia requested additional intravenous sedation of midazolam. [8] However, the intravenous sedation, such as midazolam, propofol, or etomidate, increase the risk of additional anesthetic complications of heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and nausea, [9,10] and therefore, anesthesia monitoring was mandatory during the surgery.
Compared with intravenous sedation, oral sedation is less costly and less invasive. Studies with different oral sedation agents revealed different effects. In the study of 41 patients serving themselves as control, patients reported more pain and photophobia in the surgery with TA alone than the other with midazolam syrup and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. However, two studies comparing oral diazepam or triazolam with intravenous midazolam showed similar rates of anxiety and pain or noninferior satisfaction. Moreover, the randomized control trial containing 50 procedures in each groups revealed that patients received TA alone during phacoemulsification reported similar pain or anxiety level to those received complementary intravenous midazolam. Despite the abundant results from above, nearly 40% patients reported moderate to extremely anxiety during phacoemulsification under TA, and approximate 7% of patients rated themselves extreme anxiety or were diagnosed as anxiety. A simple comparison between with or without complementary sedation for general patients underwent phacoemulsification with TA is merely not enough. Further investigations to reduce the anxiety experienced during phacoemulsification with TA according to patients' characteristics is therefore mandatory. Previous studies had showed that patients with higher level of trait anxiety reported higher anxiety response for a stressful situation. Preoperative anxiety levels were also reported to be a significant predictor of pain experience during phacoemulsification with TA. The need for complementary sedation could be different in patients with different trait anxiety. Furthermore, different severity levels of anxiety and pain were experienced during the first and second eye surgery. Therefore, in this study, the investigators will investigate the trait anxiety of patients planned for phacoemulsification under TA and its effect on their anesthetic satisfaction with complementary oral sedation. The investigators will also analysis the anxiety and pain experienced in the first and second eye phacoemulsification in patients with different levels of trait anxiety. The investigators choose alprazolam as the oral sedative. It was reported to have a shorter half-life and less side effects of drowsiness and lightheadedness than diazepam used in previous studies.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Age between 18 and 80 years old.
- Enrolled in "Anxiety and surgery satisfaction for cataract patient with different state anxiety" (Research Ethics Committee Case No.: 202302067MINB).
- Plan to undergo phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery with topical anesthetic on the second eye at the Department of Ophthalmology.
- Subject who does not have side effect from XANAX.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Presence of any surgery contraindications.
- Presence of any medication contraindications.
- Inability to provide clear and complete answers to relevant questionnaires, or expression of no preoperative anxiety during the outpatient visit, or scores below 21 on the STAI-S or STAI-T assessment.
- Regular use of anti-anxiety medications, sleeping pills, or analgesics before the procedure.
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding during the preoperative period.
- Severe corneal diseases, overripe cataracts, small pupils, or lens dislocation leading to difficulties in conventional surgery.
- Patients under surface anesthesia who cannot fully cooperate with the surgical procedure.
- Pregnant or uncertain pregnancy status (women under 55 years old to be verbally asked by research team members).