Belimumab in Autoimmune Hepatitis

Overview

Background: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic and lifelong liver disease. Untreated, disease progresses to end-stage cirrhosis and the focus of therapy is with immunosuppression. Current therapies are limited, not targeted, and associated with side effects that patients report reduce quality of life. AIH is believed to arise as a consequence of genetic & environmental risks. Disease is characterised by impaired immunoregulation, that favours a chronic and relapsing hepatitis. As well as recognising an important role for cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells, it has become apparent that in AIH, as well as other related autoimmune conditions, that B-cells are important. AIH is characterised by a plasma cell rich interface hepatitis and elevated IgG concentrations. Furthermore B-cell lineages interact with regulatory T-cells. Off-label use of Rituximab, an anti-CD20 agent, has been described for patients with AIH. A number of other ways of effectively targeting B-cells in the treatment of related autoimmune diseases have also been developed, but there have been limited studies in people living with autoimmune hepatitis. Belimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF), also known as B-lymphocyte stimulator. It is approved in the Canada to treat systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. It has not been studied before in AIH, but off-label reports are published. In an open-label clinical trial of people living with autoimmune hepatitis, the investigator will now formally study the effect of adding Belimumab to existing standard of care, with the goal being to evaluate treatment efficacy, the ability to reduce the burden of existing therapies whilst still controlling AIH disease, and to describe the tolerability & safety of Belimumab in people with AIH. Study Design: Open label, multi-centre, Canadian clinical trial. Patient population: Patients with autoimmune hepatitis, excluding patients with decompensated liver disease, who either have active disease despite standard of care (Group A), or who are maintained with disease remission using standard of care therapy (Group B). 48 patients will be recruited. Intervention: Weekly sub-cutaneous Belimumab. Duration: 72 weeks with interim analysis after 24 patients have been treated for 24 weeks; target recruitment 48 patients. Evaluation: Safety, Serum liver tests, quality of life, exploratory immunologic biomarkers, optional liver biopsy or fine needle liver aspirate. Primary end-point: Group A: 50% or more of subjects have an ALT<2x ULN & corticosteroids at a dose of </= 5mg of Prednisone (or equivalent); Group B: 50% or more of subjects able to maintain remission (normal ALT, normal IgG) on monotherapy with Belimumab. Conclusion: Using a combination of makers of treatment efficacy and safety the investigator will test the hypothesis that Belimumab should be further formally evaluated for people living with AIH.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ability to provide written informed consent
• Established clinical diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis for at least 6 months
• Participant and clinician consent to follow AIH study therapy guidance for the duration of the open label clinical trial.

Group A:

• ALT > 2 x ULN
• IgG > ULN
• Ongoing therapy with corticosteroids, and/or non-biologic immunosuppressants (AZA, MMF, MP) at a stable dosage for 4 weeks prior to screening

Group B:

• Patients without clinical evidence of cirrhosis on standard of care testing (prior biopsy, imaging, fibroscan), with normal ALT and normal IgG concentration
• Ongoing therapy with single agent immunosuppression or immunosuppression with low dose Prednisone (5mg or less) alongside a second line agent (azathioprine, MMF, MP)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Primary liver disease other than AIH
• High probability of NAFLD
• ALT >10 x ULN
• Patients positive for HBsAg or HBcAb and/or Hepatitis C RNA
• Prior use if corticosteroid >15mg daily
• A positive pregnancy test and/or breast feeding
• The presence of advanced liver disease as defined by any of:
  1. Total Bilirubin >3 x ULN.
  2. Platelet count <100 x109/L.
  3. INR >1.5
• Live vaccines within 30 days prior to screening or at any time during the study
• The use of other biologics including TNF inhibitors, abatacept, or tocilizumab within the washout period