Description

The study-design is a single center single blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 2 arms. Patients admitted to Akershus University Hospital (Ahus) with a displaced two-part proximal humeral fracture of OTA/ AO group 11A2 or 11A3 in need of surgical treatment will be randomly allocated to two groups; conservative/ non-operative treatment or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF).

All following aims evaluated at controls at 6, 12, 26 and 52 weeks. The 6 months and 1 year controls will additionally be conducted by independent physiotherapists. The other controls are conducted by the treating surgeons. The physiotherapists will be blinded of chosen treatment, the patients wearing a t-shirt covering the shoulder at the consultations, hence single blinded RCT.

Primary aim: Functional outcome as evaluated by the Quick DASH (Disability of the arm, shoulder and hand) score at controls.

Preoperative evaluation:

The project participants will supervise and evaluate the data. General history, including; mechanism of injury, occupation, pre-existing medical conditions and medication, smoking history, American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification (ASA classification), BMI, hand dominance. At inclusion, the patient will be asked to fill out quick-Dash, Visual Analog scale (VAS), EQ-5D to determine the baseline-characteristics.

Postoperative evaluation:

Evaluation of postoperative radiographs for reduction of fracture and possible errors of the operative technique by the project participants and a radiologist.

Secondary aims:

1. Initial radiographic examination with standardized radiograph projections; true anterio-posterior projection and scapula projection pre- and post-operative. Registration of radiological complications defined by a reduction of Head-Shaft-Angle (HSA) of ≥10⁰ in frontal plane, screw penetration/cut-out, screw failure or failure of the osteosynthesis on radiographs. Evaluation of fracture healing/ non-union.
2. Evaluation of postoperative reduction: Reduction of tubercles, rotation of caput, re-establishment of medial support, position of calcar screws and distance from screws to cartilage in x-rays. Computer-tomographic scans are standard pre-operative practice at our institution. The problem of intra- and inter-observer reproducibility is a well-known confounder of fracture classification in proximal humeral fractures and CT scans will help clarify classification (19, 20) and fracture configuration. CT scan postoperatively will be taken within few days after surgery (Only in Stratum 1).
3. Qualitative Computed Tomography (QCT) is an alternative method to measure Bone Marrow Density (BMD) using a Hydroxyapatite plate/ a phantom. This is a flat plate placed under the shoulder during ordinary CT scanning. Several studies have demonstrated an association between the QCT measurements and risk of fragility fractures, so BMD will be assessed.
4. Functional outcome of surgical treatment as evaluated by Constant score by independent physiotherapists during follow-up. Measurement of strength according to recommendations given by the European Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons ESSSE (http://secec.org/).
5. Functional outcome evaluated by Oxford Shoulder score, which is a validated patient-reported outcome measure. A shoulder-specific instrument designed to assess the outcome of all shoulder surgeries.
6. EQ-5D, a generic measure of health status that provide a simple descriptive profile used in clinical evaluation of health care. EQ-5D is recommended for use in cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine and by the Washington panel of Pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research (ISPOR) task.
7. Health economic registration; length of hospital-stay, sick leaves, use of physiotherapy, appointments at general practitioners, extra controls at in-patient orthopedic clinic, removal of plate or nail, extra surgeries.
8. Monitoring complications such as deep or superficial infection, reoperations, avascular necrosis, non-union, nerve or vessel-damage.

In the literature, the following risk factors for failure of the osteosynthesis, Avascular necrosis (AVN) or chance of poor functional outcome are outlined; the factors will be examined as subgroups to see whether they are representative also for our population:

• A non-adequately reduced fracture. Evaluated in postoperative radiographs. Malalignment?
• Not adequately positioning of implant
• Degree of medial comminution and medial hinge (the amount of metaphyseal bone attached to the anatomic head fragment at trauma.
• Is sufficient medial support achieved in our patients, and if not, does the construction fail?
• Varus subsidence, measured as reduced Head shaft angle (HSA) (>10 degrees) during follow up
• Fixation in varus, HSA <120 or HSA <110 .
• Enough contact between head and shaft for healing?
• Age: Increasing age predisposes osteosynthesis failure and reduced function, probably because of decreasing bone density in proximal humerus in older age. The examiners want to examine whether there is a cut-off in age, in example 60, 65, 75, 80 or 85 years of age.
• Valgus >45 or Varus <30, which fracture is the worst?

Patients allocated to the conservative group may be offered surgical treatment if the fracture changes/ dislocates, in example no contact between the fracture ends if the patients activities of daily living (ADL) is greatly affected or pain is disproportionately

        3 arms. Patients admitted to Akershus University Hospital with a displaced 2-part proximal
        humeral fracture of OTA/ AO group 11A2 or 11A3 in need of surgical treatment will be
        randomly allocated to two groups; conservative/ non-operative treatment or open reduction
        and internal fixation (ORIF). The patients allocated to ORIF will be randomly allocated to
        either the Philos plate (Synthes) or the Multiloc nail (Synthes).
        Inclusion criteria
          1. Patients > 60 years and <85 years
          2. More than 50% displacement between head or shaft or 50⁰ angulation of the head against
             the shaft in Y-projection or more than 45 ˚ valgus or more than 30˚ varus of the Head
             Shaft Angle (HSA).
          3. Patient with tuberculum majus or minor fractures which displaced <5mm can be included
             as long as points 1 and 2 above are fulfilled.
        Exclusion Criteria:
          -  Refusal to participate in the study
          -  Fracture more than 3 weeks old
          -  No contact btw head and shaft
          -  Ipsilateral damage that will influence the recovery and scoring systems
          -  Incapability to protect osteosynthesis, i.e. use of crutches because of injury to
             lower extremity. This is up to the treating surgeon to decide
          -  Pathological fracture or previous fracture of the same proximal humerus
          -  Multitrauma or "multifractured patient"
          -  Neurovascular injury
          -  Open fracture
          -  Noncompliance, dementia and/ or institutionalized
          -  Congenital anomaly
          -  Ongoing infectious process around the incision site for osteosynthesis
          -  Systemic disease that may influence healing processes or scoring systems (in example
             Rheumatoid arthritis/Multiple sclerosis/ poorly controlled DM)
          -  Fracture dislocation
          -  Substance abuse
          -  Inability to read and understand Norwegian
          -  Patients not residing in our catchment area
          -  Patients with a diameter of the humerus to small for nailing, will be allocated to the
             Philos-group.
          -  Any medical condition that excludes surgical treatment, including patients with ASA 3
             or 4 that are considered too ill to go through surgery.