Overview
In this preliminary short-term study it is investigated, whether a short olfactory stimulation with distinct odours impacts energy expenditure in patients with obesity and lean patients.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- • Age 18-55 years
- Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and Lean (BMI 18-25 kg/m2)
- Written informed consent
- Normosmia (defined by sniffing Sticks test)
Exclusion Criteria:
- • Chronic or acute sinusitis
- Surgical intervention of the nasal cavity or the paranasal sinus
- Known allergy to odors used in the study
- Smokers
- Current illicit drug abuse including daily marijuana and cannabidiol (CBD) consumption (alcohol ≤2 drinks per day allowed)
- Any kind of severe chronic disease (e.g. severe heart failure, active cancer disease)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Treatment with insulin sensitizing drugs including Glucagon-like Peptide (GLP)-1 analogues within the last 3 months
- History of neurodegenerative diseases, severe head trauma
- Severe renal impairment (e.g. estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/m2)
- Known liver cirrhosis or other severe liver impairment
- Use of any kind of decongestant more than twice a week
- Use of cortisone-containing nasal spray within the last 3 months
- Acute upper respiratory tract infection
- Uncontrolled dysthyroidism
- Uncontrolled hypertension
- Regular use of psychopharmaceutic drugs
- Study participants aims to start a new diet or exercise program during the study
- Bariatric surgery
- Pregnancy/Lactation
- Onset of climacteric symptoms within one year (e.g. hot flashes and/or diaphoresis) OR initiation of hormonal replacement therapy in the last three months
- Inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g. due to language problems, psychological disorders, dementia, etc.
- Participation in an interventional study within the last 3 months