Overview

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating and recurrent illness associated with a constellation of grave consequences and is among the most common psychiatric disorders during the pregnancy and postpartum periods. Meanwhile, sleep disturbance, particularly insomnia, is among the most prevalent and prominent presenting complaints in pregnant women with depression. Despite its high prevalence, insomnia often remains overlooked and under-treated in clinical practice. However, growing evidence suggests an intricate relationship between insomnia and depression, which has become an area in need of further focused attention. The optimal treatment for managing both antenatal depression and insomnia remains controversial. Only few pilot studies have evaluated the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) for antenatal insomnia. Whilst face-to-face CBT-I has shown the promise in managing insomnia in pregnant women, several barriers to implementation remain in clinical practice (e.g., a lack of trained therapists, long waiting time). Pregnant women also face additional unique barriers to obtaining insomnia treatment, including having other recurring prenatal health appointments, limitations in mobility or transportation, and financial concerns. There is growing evidence supporting the feasibility and comparable efficacy of digital CBT-I (effect size Cohen's d ranging from 0.69 to 0.8) as compared to a control intervention (e.g., sleep hygiene education, relaxation) for treating adult insomnia. However, little is known about the effects of different treatment modalities (group-based vs. app-based CBT-I) during pregnancy. This study aims to conduct a randomised controlled trial to examine the effects of group-based CBT-I and smartphone app-based CBT-I as compared to health education control condition in pregnant women with comorbid depression and insomnia on improving maternal sleep and depressive symptoms, other clinical and daytime symptoms, and overall functional improvement, as well as mother-infant-relationship.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 or above;
2. 28-32 weeks of gestation at the entry of the study;
3. Having a DSM-5 diagnosis of insomnia disorder and with a score on Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) ≥8;
4. Having a DSM-5 diagnosis of depressive disorder as confirmed by the M.I.N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and with mild to moderate depressive symptoms (an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ≥7 and ≤19);
5. Singleton pregnancy;
6. Being capable of providing informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Having a health-related high-risk factor, e.g., high blood pressure, diabetes, being HIV-positive, uncontrolled thyroid or seizure disorder;
2. Having a clinically diagnosed sleep disorder (e.g., obstructive sleep apnoea, periodic limb movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, parasomnias) based on the Diagnostic Interview for Sleep Patterns and Sleep Disorders (DISP), a validated semi-structured clinical interview for assessing major sleep disorders according to ICSD-2 criteria;
3. Having a significant mental health condition, including posttraumatic stress disorder (current), panic disorder if associated with nocturnal panic attacks > 4 times in the past month, bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders (during pregnancy);
4. The subject, in the opinion of the investigator, has a significant risk of suicide, or has a suicidality level rated as moderate or above in the MINI Suicidality Module;
5. Concurrent, regular use of medications or substance known to directly affect sleep quality and continuity (e.g., hypnotics, melatonin, steroids);
6. Initiation of or change in antidepressant medication within past 2 months;
7. Ongoing pharmacologic or nonpharmacologic treatments for insomnia;
8. Night shift worker;
9. With hearing or speech deficit.