Overview

This is a standard of care treatment guideline for high risk or relapsed solid tumors or CNS tumors consisting of a busulfan, melphalan, thiotepa conditioning (for solid tumors) or carboplatin and thiotepa conditioning (for CNS tumors) followed by an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant. For solid tumors, if appropriate, disease specific radiation therapy at day +60. For CNS tumors, the conditioning regimen and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplant will be given for 3 cycles.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

All patients must have histological verification of malignancy at original diagnosis.

• Eligible Diseases
  • Arm A: Solid Tumor
    • Ewing's Family Tumors (ES/PNET/DSRCT) - metastatic at time of diagnosis and/or relapsed after therapy
    • Renal Tumors - relapsed (all histology - Wilm's tumor) or at diagnosis (clear cell sarcoma and Rhabdoid tumor)
    • Hepatoblastoma - metastatic at time of diagnosis and/or relapsed after therapy
    • Rhabdomyosarcoma - metastatic at time of diagnosis and/or relapsed after therapy
    • Soft Tissue Sarcoma - chemotherapy responsive metastatic disease or chemotherapy responsive relapsed disease
    • Primary Malignant Brain Neoplasms <18 years of age - at diagnosis and/or relapse
    • Retinoblastoma - disseminated at diagnosis and/or relapsed
    • CNS Lymphoma - primary or secondary CNS lymphoma.
    • Other High Risk Metastatic or Relapsed Solid Tumors - to be approved by 2 or more pediatric hematology/oncology and bone marrow transplant (BMT) physicians
  • Arm B: Certain CNS tumors
    • Medulloblastoma: Children less than 36 months (3 years) of age at time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis) who have high risk Medulloblastoma, defined as any one of the following:
      1. > 1.5 cm2 residual disease following resection for any Medulloblastoma histology
      2. lumbar CSF cytology positive for tumor cells by analysis of fluid collected either before definitive surgery or at least 10 days after definitive surgery
      3. MRI evidence of (a) gross nodular seeding in the intracranial subarachnoid space or ventricular system distant from primary tumor site, M2; or (b) gross nodular seeding in the spinal subarachnoid space +/- evidence of intracranial seeding, M3; or (c) extraneural metastases, M4,
    • Anaplastic Histologic Variant Medulloblastoma: less than 70 years of age,

      any metastatic stage, with total or sub-total resection.

    • Infant Medulloblastoma: Children less than 8 months of age at the time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis), any histology, any metastatic state, with total or sub-total resection.
    • Supra-tentorial Primative Neuro-Ectodermal Tumor (PNET): Children less than 36 months (3 years) of age at time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis) with or without metastatic disease
    • Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT): less than 70 years of age with CNS AT/RT (with or without metastatic disease).
    • Other High Risk CNS Tumors - to be approved by 2 or more physicians (at least one oncologist and one BMT physician).
  • Arm C: Germ Cell Tumors
    • Confirmation of germ cell tumor (GCT) histology (both seminoma and nonseminoma). Tumor may have originated in any primary site. NOTE: In rare circumstances, patients will be allowed to enroll even if a pathologic diagnosis may not have been established. This would require a clinical situation consistent with the diagnosis of GCT (testicular, peritoneal, retroperitoneal or mediastinal mass, elevated tumor marker levels {HCG ≥ 500; AFP ≥ 500} and typical pattern of metastases).
      1. One or more unfavorable prognostic features for achieving a CR with conventional-dose chemotherapy. Unfavorable prognostic features

         include

      2. extragonadal primary site
      3. PD following an incomplete response (IR) to first-line therapy,
      4. PD after a conventional-dose salvage (cisplatin + ifosfamide -based) regimen
  • Arm D: Certain CNS Tumor patients who can only undergo one transplant
    • Medulloblastoma: Children less than 36 months (3 years) of age at time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis) who have high risk Medulloblastoma, defined as any one of the following:
      • > 1.5 cm2 residual disease following resection for any Medulloblastoma histology
      • lumbar CSF cytology positive for tumor cells by analysis of fluid collected either before definitive surgery or at least 10 days after definitive surgery
      • MRI evidence of (a) gross nodular seeding in the intracranial subarachnoid space or ventricular system distant from primary tumor site, M2; or (b) gross nodular seeding in the spinal subarachnoid space +/- evidence of intracranial seeding, M3; or (c) extraneural metastases, M4,
    • Anaplastic Histologic Variant Medulloblastoma: less than 70 years of age,

      any metastatic stage, with total or sub-total resection.

    • Infant Medulloblastoma: Children less than 8 months of age at the time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis), any histology, any metastatic state, with total or sub-total resection.
    • Supra-tentorial Primative Neuro-Ectodermal Tumor (PNET): Children less than 36 months (3 years) of age at time of definitive surgery (for histopathologic diagnosis) with or without metastatic disease
    • Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT): less than 70 years of age with CNS AT/RT (with or without metastatic disease).
    • Other High Risk CNS Tumors including choroid plexus carcinoma in childrento be approved by 2 or more physicians (at least one oncologist and one BMT physician).
  • Arm E: Neuroblastoma ** Neuroblastoma (ICD-O morphology 9500/3) or

    ganglioneuroblastoma (nodular or intermixed) verified by histology or demonstration of clumps of tumor cells in bone marrow with elevated urinary catecholamine metabolites.

• Disease Status at Enrollment
  • Arm A, Arm B and Arm D must have fit one of the following:
    • no evidence of disease or
    • stable, non-progressive disease (defined as non-progressive abnormalities on physical exam or CT and/or MRI) within 4 weeks of study entry
  • Arm C: Evidence of progressive or recurrent GCT (measurable or non-measurable)

    following one or more cisplatin-based chemotherapy, defined as meeting at least one of the following criteria:

    • Tumor biopsy of new or growing or unresectable lesions demonstrating viable non-teratomatous GCT. Patients with incomplete gross resection where viable GCT is found are considered eligible.
    • Consecutive elevated serum tumor markers (HCG or AFP) that are increasing. Increase of an elevated LDH alone does not constitute progressive disease.
    • Development of new or enlarging lesions in the setting of persistently elevated HCG or AFP, even if the HCG and AFP are not continuing to increase.
  • Arm E: Patients with the following disease stages at diagnosis are eligible, if

    they meet the other specified criteria.

    • Patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma with INSS Stage 4 are eligible with the following:
      • MYCN amplification (> 4-fold increase in MYCN signals as compared to reference signals), regardless of age or additional biologic features or
      • Age > 18 months (> 547 days) regardless of biologic features or
      • Age 12-18 months (365-547 days) with any of the following 3 unfavorable biologic features (MYCN amplification, unfavorable pathology and/or DNA index = 1) or any biologic feature that is indeterminate/unsatisfactory/unknown.
    • Patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma with INSS Stage 3 are eligible

      with the following:

      • MYCN amplification (> 4-fold increase in MYCN signals as compared to reference signals), regardless of age or additional biologic features or
      • Age > 18 months (> 547 days) with unfavorable pathology, regardless of MYCN status.
    • Patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma with INSS Stage 2A/2B with MYCN

      amplification (> 4-fold increase in MYCN signals as compared to reference signals), regardless of age or additional biologic features.

    • Patients with newly diagnosed neuroblastoma with INSS Stage 4S with MYCN amplification (> 4-fold increase in MYCN expression signals as compared to reference signals), regardless of additional biologic features.
    • Patients ≥ 365 days initially diagnosed with neuroblastoma INSS Stage 1, 2, 4S who progressed to aStage 4 without interval chemotherapy.
• Age and Performance Status
  • Age and Performance Status, Arm A
    • Age: 0 - 70 years
    • Performance status: Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 50% for patients > 16 years of age or Lansky Play Score ≥ 50 for patients ≤ 16 years of age (Note: Neurologic deficits in patients with CNS tumors must be stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to study entry)
  • Age and Performance Status, Arm B
    • Age: see Eligible diseases, section 3.1, for age criteria
    • Performance status: Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 50% for patients > 16 years of age or Lansky Play Score ≥ 50 for patients ≤ 16 years of age (Note: Neurologic deficits in patients with CNS tumors must be stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to study entry)
  • Age and Performance Status, Arm C
    • Age: 0-70 years of age
    • Performance status: Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 70% for patients > 16 years of age or Lansky Play Score ≥ 70 for patients ≤ 16 years of age
  • Age and Performance Status, Arm D
    • Age: see Eligible diseases, section 3.1, for age criteria
    • Performance status: Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 50% for patients > 16 years of age or Lansky Play Score ≥ 50 for patients ≤ 16 years of age (Neurologic deficits in patients with CNS tumors must be stable for a minimum of 1 week prior to study entry)
  • Age and Performance Status, Arm E
    • Age: Patients must be ≤ 30 years of age at the time of initial diagnosis.
    • Performance status: Karnofsky Performance Status ≥ 50% for patients > 16 years of age or Lansky Play Score ≥ 50 for patients ≤ 16 years of age
• Organ Function
  • Organ Function, Arm A
    • Hematologic: hemoglobin of >9 gm/dl and platelet count > 20,000/μl. Patients may receive transfusions as necessary.
    • Renal: GFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73m2 or serum creatinine ≤ 2.5 x ULN for age
    • Hepatic: AST or ALT ≤ 5 x ULN and bilirubin ≤ 5 x ULN
    • Cardiac: ejection fraction ≥ 45% or no clinical evidence of heart failure
    • Pulmonary: oxygen saturation > 92% at rest (on room air)
  • Organ Function, Arm B (to begin first consolidation cycle)
    • Timing: patients must be fully recovered from radiation, induction chemotherapy or surgery prior to receiving consolidation, with minimum elapsed time of 2 weeks.
    • Hematologic: ANC > 750/μl, hemoglobin of >8 gm/dl (may receive PRBC transfusions) and platelet count > 75,000/μl (transfusion independent).
    • Renal: GFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73m2
    • Hepatic: AST or ALT ≤ 2.5 x ULN and bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN
    • Cardiac: ejection fraction ≥ 45% or no clinical evidence of heart failure
    • Pulmonary: oxygen saturation > 94% at rest (on room air)
    • Central Nervous System: patients with seizure history are allowed if on anti-convulsants and well controlled; patients must not be in status epilepticus, coma or require assisted ventilation
  • Organ Function, Arm C (to begin TI chemotherapy)
    • Hematologic: ANC ≥ 750/mm3, platelets ≥ 75,000/mm3
    • Renal: GFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73m2 or serum creatinine ≤ 2.5 x ULN for age
    • Hepatic: AST or ALT ≤ 2.5 x upper limits of normal (ULN), if hepatic involvement < 5 x ULN; bilirubin ≤ 2.0 x upper limits of normal (ULN)
  • Arms A and C: Patients with a history of CNS tumor involvement are eligible if

    they have completed treatment for CNS disease (radiotherapy or surgery or chemotherapy), have recovered from or stabilization of the side effects associated with the therapy and have no evidence of progressive CNS disease at the time of enrollment

  • Organ Function, Arm D
    • Timing: patients must be fully recovered from radiation, induction chemotherapy or surgery prior to receiving consolidation, with minimum elapsed time of 2 weeks.
    • Hematologic: ANC > 750/μl, hemoglobin of >8 gm/dl (may receive PRBC transfusions) and platelet count > 75,000/μl (transfusion independent).
    • Renal: GFR ≥ 50 ml/min/1.73m2
    • Hepatic: AST or ALT ≤ 2.5 x ULN and bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x ULN
    • Cardiac: ejection fraction ≥ 45% or no clinical evidence of heart failure
    • Pulmonary: oxygen saturation > 92% at rest (on room air)
    • Central Nervous System: patients with seizure history are allowed if on anti-convulsants and well controlled; patients must not be in status epilepticus, coma or require assisted ventilation
  • Organ Function, Arm E
    • No evidence of disease progression: defined as increase in tumor size of >25% or new lesions.
    • Timing: Recovery from last induction course of chemotherapy.
    • Minimum frozen PBSC of 4 x 106 CD34 cells/kg as 2 aliquots; i.e. 2 x 106 CD34 cells/kg for each transplant are mandatory. A third aliquot of 2 x 106 CD34 cells/kg is strongly recommended for back-up.
    • Hepatic: AST < 3 x upper normal
    • Cardiac: Shortening fraction ≥ 27%, or ejection fraction ≥ 50%, no clinical congestive heart failure.
    • Renal: Creatinine clearance or GFR > 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (If a creatinine clearance is performed at end of induction and the result is < 100 ml/min/1.73m2, a GFR must be performed using a nuclear blood sampling method or iothalamate clearance method. Camera method is NOT allowed as measure of GFR prior to or during Consolidation therapy for patients with GFR or creatinine clearance of < 100 ml/min/1.73m2.)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Arm A, B, C, and D:
  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Active, uncontrolled infection and/or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive constitute progressive disease.
  • Concomitant enrollment on clinical study (such as COG study) that does not allow co-enrollment on this standard of care protocol (Arm B only)
• Arm E: Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Active, uncontrolled infection and/or HIV positive
  • Known contraindication to PBSC collection. Examples of contraindications might be a weight or size less than that determined to be feasible at the collecting institution, or a physical condition that would limit the ability of the child to undergo apheresis catheter placement (if necessary) and/or the apheresis procedure.
  • Patients that are 12-18 months of age with INSS Stage 4 and all 3 favorable biologic features (ie, non- amplified MYCN, favorable pathology, and DNA index > 1).