Overview
More than one in five females experience the embarrassment and shame of urine leakage while exercising and this urinary incontinence (UI) is a substantial barrier to exercise. As many as one in three females with UI report that they limit their physical activity due to incontinence: 11.6% by not exercising at all, 11.3% by exercising less and 12.4% by changing the type of exercise they perform. It is imperative to look for alternatives to manage this condition, as it is a key reason why females abandon the very physical exercise that is necessary to maintain or improve their physical and mental health and their quality of life.
While there is Grade A evidence for pelvic floor muscle training and some evidence for intravaginal pessaries to reduce symptoms of UI in general female populations, no study has evaluated the impact of conservative interventions specifically on UI experienced predominantly during running.
Description
Urinary incontinence (UI) is a serious public health concern, imposing a significant financial burden. In Canada the direct and indirect health costs associated with UI total over 3.6 billion annually and no estimates of disease burden take into account deconditioning that results from withdrawal from physical activity nor effects on mental health or quality of life. Although the primary risk factor for UI is pregnancy and vaginal delivery, it was recently reported that between 20% and 40% of nulliparous females report urine leakage when they engage in physical activity.
Urinary continence is maintained as long as urethral closure pressure remains higher than bladder pressure. This is accomplished through a complex combination of mechanisms, including smooth and striated urethral sphincter muscle action, urethral venous engorgement and mucous secretions within the urethra, and the proper transfer of loads to the urethra, which depends on adequate bladder neck and urethral connective tissue support as well as pelvic floor muscle (PFM) action. The associations among physical activity, pelvic floor morphology and function, and UI are not clear. A recent systematic review retrieved 18 mainly small studies investigating the association between physical activity and pelvic floor dysfunction. Exercise at mild to moderate intensity appears to be protective, decreasing both the odds and the risk of experiencing urinary incontinence. However, females who engage in high-impact activities such as running are more likely to report UI during exercise than those who engage in mild or moderate intensity exercise, thus chronic and repetitive loading of the pelvic floor may have negative consequences.
While there is Grade A evidence for pelvic floor muscle training and some evidence for intravaginal pessaries to reduce symptoms of UI in general female populations, no study has investigated about interventions specific to running-induced UI.
Eligibility
Inclusion Criteria:
- Cis-females aged 18 years and over who run at least 5 km in under 50 minutes (minimum speed of 6 km/h to ensure high impact), at least twice per week (to ensure adequate frequency), and who have done so for at least one year (to ensure adequate duration of exposure);
- Who regularly (≥ 1 per week) experience urine leakage while running and who report ≤1 urine leakage episode per month not associated with exercise;
Exclusion Criteria:
- Any risk factors related to exercise;
- If they report any pain or musculoskeletal injury at the time of the screening;
- History of urogenital surgery;
- Symptoms of the female athlete triad;
- Dyspareunia to the extent that they cannot undergo a regular gynaecologic examination;
- Have a known neurologic disorder (e.g. stroke, multiple sclerosis);
- Pregnancy or partum within the previous year;