Overview

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of most common chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Several types of drugs were demonstrated to be effective in reduction or remission of symptoms and severity of FD, including proton pump inhibitors (PPI), Tricyclic antidepressant and prokinetics. However, the clinical course of FD after taking medication-based treatment was unknown. Furthermore, 20-50% patients remained persistent or worsening of dyspepsia symptoms after treatment. Previous studies have suggested psychological factors (eg. anxiety, sleep disturbance) were related to less improvement of symptoms in natural clinical course. However, there is limited evidence in terms of clinical and psychological factors for less improvement in patients receiving medication treatment for dyspepsia.

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. age ≥18 years old
2. Patients who met Rome IV criteria
3. Normal upper endoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography within one year

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with local or systemic diseases which may cause dyspeptic symptoms:

   Known active peptic ulcer, cholecystitis, gallstone, gastrointestinal obstruction, gastroparesis, and etc.; Known acute or chronic injury of liver or kidney; Obvious hematological abnormality, or endocrine and metabolic diseases; Known malignancy; Obvious cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases (such as coronary heart disease, arrhythmia, cerebral infarction and etc.; Other conditions which may be associated with dyspeptic symptoms (such as NSAIDs associated dyspepsia)

2. organ failure defined by Marshall standard
3. severe psychiatric illnesses
4. known malignancy
5. pregnancy or lactation
6. unable to provide consent
7. suspected or identified bowel obstruction